China and Denmark
China and Denmark maintain broad economic, scientific and cultural cooperation, with a prominent green transition component. The strategic partnership and regular commissions are complemented by educational projects, energy dialogues and health, transport and manufacturing company ties.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
Denmark recognised the People's Republic of China in January 1950, and diplomatic relations began on 11 May.
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, goods trade between China and Denmark totalled 18,061.9 million current USD.
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from China to Denmark, at 1,432.5 million USD in 2025.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 18,061.85 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: China to Denmark | 10,711.4 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Denmark to China | 7,350.46 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: China to Denmark | 0.284 % | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Export share: Denmark to China | ||
| Investment stock: China in Denmark | ||
| Investment stock: Denmark in China |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter CHN. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Goods: China to Denmark
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter CHN. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Goods: Denmark to China
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter CHN. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Export share: China to Denmark
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Exports to the partner / worldwide exports by the same reporter; same year and coverage.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
| Indicator | China | Denmark |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 19.5 trillion USD2025 · WB | 462.53 billion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 13,861.97 USD2025 · WB | 76,970.15 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 4.96 %2025 · WB | 2.93 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 1.4 %2026-09-24 · PBoC | |
| Inflation · annual average | 0.06 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 1.89 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 0.8 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · NBS China | |
| Unemployment | 4.62 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 5.53 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -7.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 2.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 99.2 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 27.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 3.77 %2025 · WB | 12.2 %2024 · WB |
| Population | 1,406,585,0002025 · WB | 6,009,1692025 · WB |
| Area | 9,562,910 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 42,920 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDChina: 2025 · World BankDenmark: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personChina: 2025 · World BankDenmark: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)China: 2025 · World BankDenmark: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)China: 2026-09-24 · PBoC: 7-day reverse repo · People’s Bank of China · Published: 2026-09-24 · Rate of the official operation consulted, not the mortgage LPR or the PSL lending rate. Subsequent operations with zero volume are not converted into a 0% interest rate.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)China: 2025 · Average annual CPI change (%) · World BankDenmark: 2025 · Annual average CPI change (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedChina: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · National Bureau of Statistics of China · Published: 2026-09-09 · National headline year-on-year CPI, not monthly inflation or an annual average.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionChina: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Denmark: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)China: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Denmark: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)China: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Denmark: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPChina: 2025 · World BankDenmark: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleChina: 2025 · World BankDenmark: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceChina: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAODenmark: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
China to Denmark
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,432.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,353.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 1,182.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 277.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 122.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 4.8 M USD2025 · Source |
Denmark to China
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical products | 1,403.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 596.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 356.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 219.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 112.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 12.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 0.246 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 0.000255 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | China to Denmark | Denmark to China |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 17,820.7 | 10,848.1 | 6,972.6 |
| 2022 | 15,908.6 | 10,191.6 | 5,717 |
| 2023 | 13,709.3 | 8,158.4 | 5,550.9 |
| 2024 | 15,460.7 | 9,404.8 | 6,055.9 |
| 2025 | 18,061.9 | 10,711.4 | 7,350.5 |
Connections between people
The Sino-Danish research and education centre began operating in 2017 and connects scientific institutions and universities in both countries. The cultural agreement and Copenhagen's Chinese centre accompany artistic and university exchanges. Higher education and tax cooperation memoranda and a health project for 2025–2028 were added in 2025. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from China living in Denmark | ||
| Residents from Denmark living in China | ||
| Study and training: China in Denmark | ||
| Study and training: Denmark in China | ||
| Academic stays: China in Denmark | ||
| Academic stays: Denmark in China | ||
| Travel: China to Denmark | ||
| Travel: Denmark to China |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Bilateral context
Denmark recognised the People's Republic of China in January 1950, and diplomatic relations began on 11 May. The comprehensive strategic partnership was established in 2008, and the economic commission has operated since 1980. [1]
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for China is 19,498 billion USD (2025), compared with 462.5 for Denmark (2025). The reference populations are 1,406.59 and 6.01 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of China was 42.16 times that of Denmark in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [5] [6] [7] [8]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Cooperation and bilateral issues
The joint green programme for 2023–2026 and clean energy instruments deepen renewable-energy and efficiency cooperation. The Sino-Danish research and education centre began operating in 2017 and connects scientific institutions and universities in both countries. The technology commission held its twenty-first session in Beijing in January 2025. The cultural agreement and Copenhagen's Chinese centre accompany artistic and university exchanges. Danish companies present include pharmaceutical, maritime, biotechnology and wind sectors. Higher education and tax cooperation memoranda and a health project for 2025–2028 were added in 2025. [1]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (China and Denmark) totalled 18,061.9 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 10,711.4 million; those in the opposite direction, 7,350.5 million. The difference between the two flows was 3,360.9 million, in favour of China. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [2]
The partner's share of exports
Sales from China to the partner represented 0.284% of its worldwide goods exports in 2025. The share compares the same reporter, year and coverage. It measures export concentration, not the percentage of GDP dependent on this relationship. A partner may be important in a specific sector even if its share of total goods trade is small. [2]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 17,820.7 million USD in 2021 and 18,061.9 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +1.4 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2025, at 18,061.9 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [3]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from China to Denmark, at 1,432.5 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, pharmaceutical products stands out in shipments from Denmark to China, at 1,403.8 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [4]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral relations — CHN-DNK
www.mfa.gov.cn · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Trade series 2021–2025
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade
2026-10-08 · Accessed: 2026-10-08 · Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record.