United States and Ireland
The United States and Ireland connect diplomatic relations formalised in the twenties with earlier human ties through Irish emigration. The history distinguishes the Free State’s autonomy in foreign policy, accreditation of its representative in Washington and the subsequent opening of an American legation in Dublin.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
Irish communities that emigrated to the United States during the nineteenth century preceded diplomatic recognition of the Free State.
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, goods trade between United States and Ireland totalled 153,220.3 million current USD.
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, pharmaceutical products stands out in shipments from United States to Ireland, at 5,401 million USD in 2025.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 153,220.3 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: United States to Ireland | 19,326.4 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Ireland to United States | 133,893.89 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: United States to Ireland | ||
| Export share: Ireland to United States | ||
| Investment stock: United States in Ireland | ||
| Investment stock: Ireland in United States |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; complete calendar year; reporter USA. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
- Goods: United States to Ireland
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; complete calendar year; reporter USA. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
- Goods: Ireland to United States
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; complete calendar year; reporter USA. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
| Indicator | United States | Ireland |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 30.77 trillion USD2025 · WB | 721.7 billion USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP per capita | 90,026.52 USD2025 · WB | 131,592.46 USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP growth | 2.16 %2025 · WB | 12.34 %2025 · World Bank |
| Policy interest rate | 3.75–4 %2026-09-16 · Fed | |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.7 %IMF est.Annual average · 2025 · IMF | 2.21 %Annual average · 2025 · World Bank |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 3.4 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · BLS | 3.7 %Year-on-year · 2026-08 · CSO Ireland |
| Unemployment | 4.2 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 4.63 %ILO est.2025 · World Bank |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -6.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 1.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 123.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 32.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -3.63 %2025 · WB | 17.4 %2024 · World Bank |
| Population | 341,784,8572025 · WB | 5,484,3672025 · World Bank |
| Area | 9,831,510 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 70,280 km²2023 · World Bank |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDUnited States: 2025 · World BankIreland: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personUnited States: 2025 · World BankIreland: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)United States: 2025 · World BankIreland: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)United States: 2026-09-16 · Federal funds target range · Federal Reserve
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)United States: 2025 · Average annual change in headline CPI (%) · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est. · WEO estimate; not the year-on-year change for December or August 2026. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07Ireland: 2025 · Annual average change in CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedUnited States: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · Published: 2026-09-11 · Headline year-on-year CPI-U, not seasonally adjusted; not monthly or core inflation.Ireland: 2026-08 · Headline CPI; change against the same month of the previous year · CSO Ireland · National CPI, not European HICP: 3.7% against the same month of 2025.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionUnited States: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Ireland: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Ireland: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Ireland: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPUnited States: 2025 · World BankIreland: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleUnited States: 2025 · World BankIreland: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date. Extrapolated assuming the same growth rate as the previous 6 months.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceUnited States: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAOIreland: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
United States to Ireland
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical products | 5,401 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 2,785.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,939.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 951.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 26.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 2.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 0.912 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 0.124 M USD2025 · Source |
Ireland to United States
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical products | 42,614.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 2,484.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,517.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 318.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 35.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 22.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 18.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 10 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | United States to Ireland | Ireland to United States |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 87,602 | 13,553.8 | 74,048.2 |
| 2022 | 98,461.4 | 15,955.7 | 82,505.7 |
| 2023 | 99,657.3 | 16,942.4 | 82,714.9 |
| 2024 | 120,288.4 | 16,533.3 | 103,755.1 |
| 2025 | 153,220.3 | 19,326.4 | 133,893.9 |
Connections between people
Irish communities that emigrated to the United States during the nineteenth century preceded diplomatic recognition of the Free State. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from United States living in Ireland | ||
| Residents from Ireland living in United States | ||
| Study and training: United States in Ireland | ||
| Study and training: Ireland in United States | ||
| Academic stays: United States in Ireland | ||
| Academic stays: Ireland in United States | ||
| Travel: United States to Ireland | ||
| Travel: Ireland to United States |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Bilateral context
Irish communities that emigrated to the United States during the nineteenth century preceded diplomatic recognition of the Free State. Washington recognised it on 28 June 1924 as an entity with autonomous control of its foreign relations, following communications with the British ambassador. [1]
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for United States is 30,769.7 billion USD (2025), compared with 721.7 for Ireland (2025). The reference populations are 341.78 and 5.48 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of United States was 42.63 times that of Ireland in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [4] [5] [6] [7]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Cooperation and bilateral issues
Timothy Smiddy presented credentials as Irish minister in Washington on 7 October that year, formally establishing relations. The American legation in Dublin opened on 27 July 1927, with Frederick Sterling. The framework arose following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 and separation of the Free State’s twenty-six counties from the six Northern Irish counties. This chronology avoids attributing representation of the whole island to Irish authorities. [1]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (United States and Ireland) totalled 153,220.3 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 19,326.4 million; those in the opposite direction, 133,893.9 million. The difference between the two flows was 114,567.5 million, in favour of Ireland. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [2]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 87,602 million USD in 2021 and 153,220.3 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +74.9 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2025, at 153,220.3 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [2]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, pharmaceutical products stands out in shipments from United States to Ireland, at 5,401 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, pharmaceutical products stands out in shipments from Ireland to United States, at 42,614.2 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [3]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Ireland — history of recognition and diplomatic relations with the United States
U.S. Department of State — Office of the Historian · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- UN Comtrade annual data; reused verified primary payload, not re-downloaded
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade
2026-10-08 · Accessed: 2026-10-08 · Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record.