United States and Netherlands
Trade, investment and technology connect two economies with extensive historical relations. Semiconductor manufacturing equipment is a particularly sensitive area. International business activity and export controls require looking beyond trade in finished goods.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Recognition and historical financial connections
The Office of the Historian documents Dutch recognition of the United States in 1782 and the earliest diplomatic ties.
Semiconductor equipment and licences
In January 2025, the Dutch Government announced a change to national export controls on advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment, scheduled to take effect on 1 April.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 128,868.8 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Goods: United States to Netherlands | 93,923.9 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Goods: Netherlands to United States | 34,944.9 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: United States to Netherlands | 4.31 % | 2025 · Census |
| Export share: Netherlands to United States | ||
| Investment stock: United States in Netherlands | 1,044,001 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
| Investment stock: Netherlands in United States | 751,789 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Goods: United States to Netherlands
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Goods: Netherlands to United States
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Export share: United States to Netherlands
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · U.S. Census Bureau (other direction) · US goods exports to the partner / US goods exports to the world; same year and reporter.
- Investment stock: United States in Netherlands
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterparty. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments. Published negative values are retained.
- Investment stock: Netherlands in United States
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterparty. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments. Published negative values are retained.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
| Indicator | United States | Netherlands |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 30.77 trillion USD2025 · WB | 1.33 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 90,026.52 USD2025 · WB | 73,683.92 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 2.16 %2025 · WB | 1.78 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 3.75–4 %2026-09-16 · Fed | 2.5 %2026-09-16 · BCE |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.7 %IMF est.Annual average · 2025 · IMF | 3.26 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 3.4 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · BLS | |
| Unemployment | 4.2 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 3.87 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -6.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -1.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 123.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 43.3 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -3.63 %2025 · WB | 9.14 %2024 · WB |
| Population | 341,784,8572025 · WB | 18,087,6332025 · WB |
| Area | 9,831,510 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 41,540 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDUnited States: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personUnited States: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)United States: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)United States: 2026-09-16 · Federal funds target range · Federal ReserveNetherlands: 2026-09-16 · ECB: deposit facility; shared euro-area rate · European Central Bank · ECB deposit facility rate, shared by euro-area members; not an independent national rate.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)United States: 2025 · Average annual change in headline CPI (%) · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est. · WEO estimate; not the year-on-year change for December or August 2026. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07Netherlands: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedUnited States: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · Published: 2026-09-11 · Headline year-on-year CPI-U, not seasonally adjusted; not monthly or core inflation.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionUnited States: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Netherlands: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Netherlands: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Netherlands: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPUnited States: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleUnited States: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceUnited States: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAONetherlands: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
United States to Netherlands
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 35,678.6 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 10,805.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 9,628.6 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 6,156.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 1,228.2 M USD2025 · Source |
Netherlands to United States
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical products | 9,470.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 6,139 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 3,956.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,152.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 152.4 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | United States to Netherlands | Netherlands to United States |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 88,282.5 | 53,129.3 | 35,153.2 |
| 2022 | 107,364.7 | 72,854.2 | 34,510.5 |
| 2023 | 119,915.7 | 81,410.8 | 38,504.9 |
| 2024 | 122,035.9 | 88,053.2 | 33,982.7 |
| 2025 | 128,868.8 | 93,923.9 | 34,944.9 |
Connections between people
Contacts between businesses, universities and travellers have their own measures; they are not inferred from an export licence or a multinational's registered address. [3]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from United States living in Netherlands | ||
| Residents from Netherlands living in United States | ||
| Study and training: United States in Netherlands | ||
| Study and training: Netherlands in United StatesStudy and OPT training in the United States | 2,462 | 2024/25 · IIE / Open Doors |
| Academic stays: United States in NetherlandsU.S. study-abroad stays carrying academic credit | 3,777 | 2023/24 · IIE / Open Doors |
| Academic stays: Netherlands in United States | ||
| Travel: United States to Netherlands | ||
| Travel: Netherlands to United StatesCountry of residence; international arrivals in the United States | 572,389arrivals | 2025 · NTTO |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
- Study and training: Netherlands in United States
- Open Doors: students by place of origin, including OPT practical training. Not visas or residents. 2024/25 · IIE / Open Doors
- Academic stays: United States in Netherlands
- Mobility for academic credit reported by US institutions. Not the total number of residents or enrolment on a particular date. 2023/24 · IIE / Open Doors
- Travel: Netherlands to United States
- Arrivals by country of residence; not nationality, unique travellers or permanent residence. NTTO series coverage. 2025 · NTTO
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Recognition and historical financial connections
The Office of the Historian documents Dutch recognition of the United States in 1782 and the earliest diplomatic ties. This background belongs to a relationship that subsequently encompassed businesses, trade and international cooperation. Historical financial connections do not by themselves explain a current technology decision, but help distinguish the long-term institutional relationship from recent sectoral disputes. [1]
Semiconductor equipment and licences
In January 2025, the Dutch Government announced a change to national export controls on advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment, scheduled to take effect on 1 April. The measures concern specific categories of equipment and authorisations. They matter to technology supply chains involving businesses and markets in several countries; they do not amount to a ban on all Dutch exports of electronic products. [2]
Nexperia and supply-chain interdependence
The November 2025 government update explains the invocation of the Goods Availability Act concerning Nexperia and Chinese measures affecting its locations in China. It also mentions contacts relating to United States–China negotiations. The episode shows how a Dutch company can be exposed to decisions by third countries as well as to direct trade with the United States. [3]
The scale of the two economies
The United States recorded nominal GDP of 30,769.7 billion USD in 2025, compared with 1,332.8 in 2025 for the Netherlands. The reference populations were 341.78 million (2025) and 18.09 million (2025), respectively. In the same year, US nominal GDP was 23.09 times that of the Netherlands. These figures contextualise market size; they do not by themselves describe well-being, individual wealth or political influence. IMF estimates or population extrapolations retain their labels in the table. No ratio is calculated when periods do not match. [7] [8] [9] [10]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
Two different technology instruments
The January equipment controls and the action concerning Nexperia in autumn 2025 have different objectives, products and legal bases. The profile keeps them separate rather than presenting all technology policy as a single sanction. Goods trade, direct investment and affiliate production allow complementary scales of the relationship to be examined. No bilateral figure alone captures every link in a global chip supply chain. [2] [3]
Observed economic exchange
In 2025, recorded goods trade between the United States and the Netherlands totalled 128,868.8 million USD. Shipments from the United States to the Netherlands were 93,923.9 million USD; those in the reverse direction were 34,944.9 million USD. US shipments to the partner represented 4.31% of its goods exports to the world, using the same year and reporter. A single customs reporting source is used for both directions. This annual flow does not include all services activity or affiliates' local sales and is not added to accumulated investment capital. [4]
Recorded direct investment capital, not announced investment
The US direct investment position in the Netherlands was 1,044,001 million USD in 2025. The Netherlands' direct investment position in the United States was 751,789 million USD in 2025. BEA uses historical cost and the immediate counterparty. The figure is recorded capital at the end of the period, not a purchase or promise made during the year. It may reflect affiliate structures and financing; published negative values are not replaced with zero. It does not include all portfolio investment or allow each project to be valued individually. [5] [6]
Human connections with their own figures
In 2025, the source recorded 572,389 arrivals from the Netherlands in the United States, with the coverage indicated in the table. [11]
In 2024/25, the source recorded 2,462 students and OPT practical training participants from the Netherlands in the United States. [12]
In 2023/24, 3,777 stays for academic credit from the United States to the Netherlands were recorded. [12]
The counts describe different populations and periods: they are not added as a total of unique people. Open Doors includes OPT practical training; US study stays require academic credit. Arrivals by country of residence do not equate to nationality or permanent residence. The academic year retains its coverage and is not relabelled as a calendar year. [11] [12]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, unit, definition and source. Announcements, contracts and results are not interchangeable. Empty cells do not mean zero. Customs data for 2025 are not presented as activity observed during later crises.
- Netherlands: history of recognition and relations
Office of the Historian, Department of State · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Export controls on semiconductor equipment
Government of the Netherlands · Institutional source · Document: 2025-01-15 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Update on the Goods Availability Act
Government of the Netherlands · Institutional source · Document: 2025-11-06 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- TOTAL rows 2021–2025; US reporter; goods; million USD
U.S. Census Bureau · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Position; country row; G=2025; million USD; historical cost; immediate counterparty
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Position; country row; G=2025; million USD; historical cost; immediate counterparty
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual; country-of-residence row; AC=2025; arrivals, not unique people
NTTO · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- International Student Totals: 2024/25 incl OPT; US study abroad 2023/24. Not visa issuance.
IIE / Open Doors · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 27; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 30; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 84; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 85; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 87; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 27; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 84; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 30; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 85; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 87; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.