Germany and Italy
Industry, mobility and European institutions link Germany and Italy. The relationship combines cultural cooperation with governmental consultations. The January 2026 Rome agreements added security, defense and resilience to an extensive economic and European agenda.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Governmental consultations and European framework
Both countries participate in the EU and NATO, with bilateral cooperation that also uses consultations between ministries.
Industry and production connections
The German profile highlights the economic interconnection of both markets.
The January 2026 instruments
The Rome consultations on 23 January brought the heads of government together to sign an agreement on security, defense and resilience and an action plan.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 176,096.63 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU |
| Goods: Germany to Italy | 93,998.99 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU |
| Goods: Italy to Germany | 82,097.65 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Germany to Italy | 5.3 % | 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU |
| Export share: Italy to Germany | ||
| Investment stock: Germany in Italy | ||
| Investment stock: Italy in Germany |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU · Goods; full year; DEU reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Germany to Italy
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU · Goods; full year; DEU reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Italy to Germany
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU · Goods; full year; DEU reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Export share: Germany to Italy
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / DEU · Goods share: DEU exports to the partner / the same reporter's exports to the world, same year.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
| Indicator | Germany | Italy |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 5.05 trillion USD2025 · WB | 2.55 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 60,496.44 USD2025 · WB | 43,308.64 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 0.24 %2025 · WB | 0.54 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 2.5 %2026-09-16 · BCE | 2.5 %2026-09-16 · BCE |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.17 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 1.53 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 3.3 %provisionalprovisionalYear-on-year · Sept. 2026 · Destatis | |
| Unemployment | 3.71 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 6.39 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -2.7 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -3.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 62.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 137.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 4.51 %2025 · WB | 1.15 %2025 · WB |
| Population | 83,491,2492025 · WB | 58,915,656World Bank est.2025 · WB |
| Area | 357,680 km²2023 · WB | 302,070 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDGermany: 2025 · World BankItaly: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personGermany: 2025 · World BankItaly: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Germany: 2025 · World BankItaly: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Germany: 2026-09-16 · ECB: deposit facility; shared euro-area rate · European Central BankItaly: 2026-09-16 · ECB: deposit facility; shared euro-area rate · European Central Bank · ECB deposit facility rate, shared by euro-area members; not an independent national rate.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Germany: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World BankItaly: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedGermany: 2026-09 · Change in headline CPI from the same month of the previous year (%) · Destatis · Published: 2026-09-30 · provisional · Provisional · National headline CPI, year-on-year, not monthly inflation or an annual average. Provisional data or an official advance release; subject to revision.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionGermany: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Italy: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Germany: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Italy: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Germany: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Italy: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPGermany: 2025 · World BankItaly: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleGermany: 2025 · World BankItaly: 2025 · World Bank · World Bank est. · Extrapolated estimate identified by the World Bank; not a census for the reference year.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceGermany: 2023 · Area according to the series' coverage; does not determine sovereignty or effective control · World BankItaly: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Germany to Italy
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Land vehicles and components | 16,630.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 13,931.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 9,416.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 5,404.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 289.4 M USD2025 · Source |
Italy to Germany
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 11,217.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 9,269.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 6,300.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 5,749 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 300.1 M USD2025 · Source |
Connections between people
Education, work, visits and community connections have their own records and procedures. Residents are not equivalent to annual arrivals, and visits may be repeated. The tables retain dates, definitions and sources to distinguish these connections from business contracts and government decisions. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Germany living in Italy | ||
| Residents from Italy living in Germany | ||
| Study and training: Germany in Italy | ||
| Study and training: Italy in Germany | ||
| Academic stays: Germany in Italy | ||
| Academic stays: Italy in Germany | ||
| Travel: Germany to Italy | ||
| Travel: Italy to Germany |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Governmental consultations and European framework
Both countries participate in the EU and NATO, with bilateral cooperation that also uses consultations between ministries. Sharing organizations does not imply agreement on every economic or budgetary policy. Institutional contacts allow their own interests to be addressed without replacing European procedures. Business relations may encompass plants, suppliers and services, distinct from a single customs balance. [1]
Industry and production connections
The German profile highlights the economic interconnection of both markets. Companies can be integrated into manufacturing and supply chains spanning several countries. A component crosses borders before becoming part of a final product, so gross exports do not equal all national value added. The table retains one reporting country and both directions. [1]
Villa Vigoni and cultural cooperation
Villa Vigoni, on Lake Como, is a specific institution for German-Italian exchange. Culture, science and training add connections distinct from investment and trade. Its existence does not constitute a census of students or residents. Human counts require their own sources and periods, while institutions help identify stable channels of contact. [1]
The scale of the two economies
Germany recorded nominal GDP of 5050.9 billion USD in 2025, compared with 2551.6 in 2025 for Italy. The reference populations were 83.49 million (2025) and 58.92 million (2025), respectively. In the same year, Germany's nominal GDP was 1.98 times Italy's. The figures contextualize market size; they do not in themselves describe well-being, individual wealth or political influence. IMF estimates or demographic extrapolations retain their markings in the table. A ratio is not calculated when the periods do not match. [3] [4] [5] [6]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
The January 2026 instruments
The Rome consultations on 23 January brought the heads of government together to sign an agreement on security, defense and resilience and an action plan. These instruments complement the EU and NATO framework. Signing documents the agenda and cooperation; it does not certify full implementation of every subsequent industrial or military program. [1]
Observed economic exchange
In 2025, recorded goods trade between Germany and Italy totaled USD 176,096.6 million. Shipments from Germany to Italy were 93,999 million USD; those in the opposite direction were 82,097.6 million USD. Germany's shipments to the partner represented 5.3% of its goods exports to the world, using the same year and reporter. A single customs declaration is used for both directions. This annual flow does not include all services activity or subsidiaries' local sales and is not added to accumulated investment capital. [2]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, unit, definition and source. Announcements, contracts and results are not interchangeable. Empty cells do not mean zero. Customs data for 2025 are not presented as activity observed during later crises.
- Germany–Italy relations
Germany's Federal Foreign Office · Institutional source · Document: 2026 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual TOTAL X/M; 2025; reporter 276; partners 0,699,826,380
UN Comtrade / DEU · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- SP.POP.TOTL; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 27; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / DEU · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 30; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / DEU · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 84; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / DEU · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 85; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / DEU · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 87; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / DEU · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / DEU
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 27; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / DEU
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 87; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / DEU
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 84; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / DEU
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 85; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / DEU
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 30; 2025; reporter 276; partners 699,826,380; X/M; annual goods.