Croatia and Montenegro
Croatia and Montenegro maintain consultations on bilateral differences that Zagreb links to advancing Montenegro's European Union accession. The agenda includes war victims, missing persons, property, historical memory, maritime delimitation and the Jadran training ship.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
Following a first round on 27 January 2025, Frano Matušić and Periša Kastratović chaired new Zagreb consultations on 14 May to review progress and solution methods.
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, goods trade between Croatia and Montenegro totalled 475.9 million current USD.
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Croatia to Montenegro, at 107.7 million USD in 2025.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 475.92 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Croatia to Montenegro | 468.49 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Montenegro to Croatia | 7.43 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Croatia to Montenegro | ||
| Export share: Montenegro to Croatia | ||
| Investment stock: Croatia in Montenegro | ||
| Investment stock: Montenegro in Croatia |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter HRV. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
- Goods: Croatia to Montenegro
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter HRV. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
- Goods: Montenegro to Croatia
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter HRV. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
| Indicator | Croatia | Montenegro |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 105.06 billion USD2025 · WB | 9.23 billion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 27,103.91 USD2025 · WB | 14,816.84 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 3.4 %2025 · WB | 2.74 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | ||
| Inflation · annual average | 3.69 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 3.9 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | ||
| Unemployment | 5 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 13.57 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -2.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -3.6 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 55.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 67.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -2.08 %2024 · WB | -20.38 %2025 · WB |
| Population | 3,876,2002025 · WB | 623,129World Bank est.2025 · WB |
| Area | 88,070 km²2023 · WB | 13,888 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDCroatia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personCroatia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Croatia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Croatia: 2025 · Annual average CPI change (%) · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · Annual average CPI change (%) · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency stated
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionCroatia: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Croatia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.Montenegro: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Croatia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.Montenegro: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPCroatia: 2024 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Population
- PeopleCroatia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2025 · World Bank · WB est. · The source indicates an extrapolated population; this is not a census count.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceCroatia: 2023 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.Montenegro: 2023 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Croatia to Montenegro
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 107.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 26.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 26.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 18.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 13.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 6.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 2.5 M USD2025 · Source |
Montenegro to Croatia
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 0.239 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 0.233 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 0.0388 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 0.000341 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 0.000136 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Millions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | Croatia to Montenegro | Montenegro to Croatia |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 282.6 | 276.1 | 6.5 |
| 2022 | 332.5 | 323.6 | 8.9 |
| 2023 | 384.2 | 375.4 | 8.8 |
| 2024 | 415.7 | 405.7 | 10 |
| 2025 | 475.9 | 468.5 | 7.4 |
Connections between people
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Croatia living in Montenegro | ||
| Residents from Montenegro living in Croatia | ||
| Study and training: Croatia in Montenegro | ||
| Study and training: Montenegro in Croatia | ||
| Academic stays: Croatia in Montenegro | ||
| Academic stays: Montenegro in Croatia | ||
| Travel: Croatia to Montenegro | ||
| Travel: Montenegro to Croatia |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for Croatia is 105.1 billion USD (2025), compared with 9.2 for Montenegro (2025). The reference populations are 3.88 and 0.623 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of Croatia was 11.38 times that of Montenegro in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [5] [6]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Bilateral context
Following a first round on 27 January 2025, Frano Matušić and Periša Kastratović chaired new Zagreb consultations on 14 May to review progress and solution methods. In July 2026, Croatia again demanded results and argued that pending matters should not be transferred to the European framework. [1] [2]
Cooperation and bilateral issues
Its demands included compensation for former detainees, searches for fourteen wartime missing persons, crime prosecutions, restitution of Croatian families' property and preserving Morinj's commemorative plaque. It also requested renaming a Kotor swimming pool, continued maritime border talks and return of the Jadran. These points are Zagreb's demands; the communication does not establish Montenegrin acceptance of all of them or definitive dispute resolution. [1] [2]
Consultation channel
The second bilateral round was held in Zagreb on 14 May 2025 and examined progress, timeframes and methods for addressing open questions. Both sides agreed to maintain regular contacts. [2]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) totalled 475.9 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 468.5 million; those in the opposite direction, 7.4 million. The difference between the two flows was 461.1 million, in favour of Croatia. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [3]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 282.6 million USD in 2021 and 475.9 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +68.4 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2025, at 475.9 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [3]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Croatia to Montenegro, at 107.7 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from Montenegro to Croatia, at 0.239 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [4]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral relations — HRV-MNE
mvep.gov.hr · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bilateral relations — HRV-MNE
mvep.gov.hr · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- UN Comtrade annual data; reused verified primary payload, not re-downloaded
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Official series — gdp
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official series — population
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade
2026-10-08 · Accessed: 2026-10-08 · Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record.