United States and Türkiye
The NATO alliance coexists with disputes over military equipment and regional positions. The economic relationship has investment and tax treaties and trade dialogue. Negotiation on a defense issue does not automatically describe all business or people-to-people relations.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Three economic instruments with different functions
Türkiye's foreign ministry identifies the 1990 investment promotion and protection agreement, the 1997 double taxation treaty and the 2000 TIFA.
The S-400 and F-35 controversy
The 2019 Turkish declaration rejects its exclusion from the F-35 program after acquiring the Russian S-400 system.
Businesses and mobility outside the military debate
The Turkish profile describes US company presence and its own economic mechanisms.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 36,774.9 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Goods: United States to Türkiye | 20,355.4 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Goods: Türkiye to United States | 16,419.5 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Services trade | 12,200 M USDUSTR est. | 2025 · USTR |
| Export share: United States to Türkiye | 0.93 % | 2025 · Census |
| Export share: Türkiye to United States | ||
| Investment stock: United States in Türkiye | 4,727 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
| Investment stock: Türkiye in United States | 2,366 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Goods: United States to Türkiye
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Goods: Türkiye to United States
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Services trade
- 2025 · USTR · USTR estimate of services trade; not goods. Published total, not recalculated from rounded components.
- Export share: United States to Türkiye
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · U.S. Census Bureau (other direction) · US goods exports to the partner / US goods exports to the world; same year and reporter.
- Investment stock: United States in Türkiye
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterparty. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments. Published negative values are retained.
- Investment stock: Türkiye in United States
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterparty. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments. Published negative values are retained.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
Year-on-year inflation: different periods or frequencies; the two figures are not directly comparable.
| Indicator | United States | Türkiye |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 30.77 trillion USD2025 · WB | 1.6 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 90,026.52 USD2025 · WB | 18,599.44 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 2.16 %2025 · WB | 3.6 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 3.75–4 %2026-09-16 · Fed | 37 %2026-09-10 · TCMB |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.7 %IMF est.Annual average · 2025 · IMF | 34.88 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 3.4 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · BLS | 29.73 %Headline CPI · 2026-09 · year-on-year · TCMB / TURKSTAT |
| Unemployment | 4.2 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 8.52 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -6.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -2.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 123.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 23.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -3.63 %2025 · WB | -0.77 %2024 · WB |
| Population | 341,784,8572025 · WB | 85,878,5562025 · WB |
| Area | 9,831,510 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 785,350 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDUnited States: 2025 · World BankTürkiye: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personUnited States: 2025 · World BankTürkiye: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)United States: 2025 · World BankTürkiye: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)United States: 2026-09-16 · Federal funds target range · Federal ReserveTürkiye: 2026-09-10 · One-week repo auction rate · TCMB · Official central-bank decision; not a commercial lending rate or a bill yield.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)United States: 2025 · Average annual change in headline CPI (%) · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est. · WEO estimate; not the year-on-year change for December or August 2026. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07Türkiye: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedUnited States: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · Published: 2026-09-11 · Headline year-on-year CPI-U, not seasonally adjusted; not monthly or core inflation.Türkiye: 2026-09 · National headline CPI, change from the same month of the previous year · TCMB / TURKSTAT · Official monthly data. Not mixed with the annual average. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionUnited States: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Türkiye: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, % of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Türkiye: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO estimate, not a monthly observation. Retains the country's fiscal year where it differs from the calendar year.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Türkiye: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO estimate, not a monthly observation. Retains the country's fiscal year where it differs from the calendar year.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPUnited States: 2025 · World BankTürkiye: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Population
- PeopleUnited States: 2025 · World BankTürkiye: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceUnited States: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAOTürkiye: 2023 · World Bank / FAO · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
United States to Türkiye
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 4,307.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,218.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 1,165 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 794.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 794.3 M USD2025 · Source |
Türkiye to United States
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 2,154.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,166 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 1,016.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 556.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 23.9 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | United States to Türkiye | Türkiye to United States |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 27,794.1 | 11,927.4 | 15,866.7 |
| 2022 | 33,951.3 | 15,162.2 | 18,789.1 |
| 2023 | 29,981.3 | 14,553.3 | 15,428 |
| 2024 | 32,179 | 15,471.7 | 16,707.3 |
| 2025 | 36,774.9 | 20,355.4 | 16,419.5 |
Connections between people
Studies, travel and professional activity maintain connections different from arms contracts and authorizations. [3]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from United States living in Türkiye | ||
| Residents from Türkiye living in United States | ||
| Study and training: United States in Türkiye | ||
| Study and training: Türkiye in United StatesStudy and OPT training in the United States | 9,413 | 2024/25 · IIE / Open Doors |
| Academic stays: United States in TürkiyeU.S. study-abroad stays carrying academic credit | 344 | 2023/24 · IIE / Open Doors |
| Academic stays: Türkiye in United States | ||
| Travel: United States to Türkiye | ||
| Travel: Türkiye to United StatesCountry of residence; international arrivals in the United States | 204,346arrivals | 2025 · NTTO |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
- Study and training: Türkiye in United States
- Open Doors: students by place of origin, including OPT practical training. Not visas or residents. 2024/25 · IIE / Open Doors
- Academic stays: United States in Türkiye
- Mobility for academic credit reported by US institutions. Not the total number of residents or enrolment on a particular date. 2023/24 · IIE / Open Doors
- Travel: Türkiye to United States
- Arrivals by country of residence; not nationality, unique travellers or permanent residence. NTTO series coverage. 2025 · NTTO
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Three economic instruments with different functions
Türkiye's foreign ministry identifies the 1990 investment promotion and protection agreement, the 1997 double taxation treaty and the 2000 TIFA. Their functions differ: investment, taxation and trade dialogue are different areas. These frameworks help explain business activity and market access, but none alone amounts to a treaty eliminating all trade barriers. [1]
The S-400 and F-35 controversy
The 2019 Turkish declaration rejects its exclusion from the F-35 program after acquiring the Russian S-400 system. The profile attributes the objection to Ankara and retains its historical date. The episode shows how military procurement decisions can affect industrial cooperation within an alliance. The 2019 position is not used as proof that a later negotiation is closed or resolved. [2]
Regional matters run through the agenda
The February 2023 foreign affairs appearance addresses cooperation, equipment differences and matters related to Russia, alongside the response to the Turkish earthquake. Different urgent needs can bring governments together even when persistent disputes exist. A humanitarian or diplomatic contact does not automatically eliminate an industrial restriction, and a military dispute does not justify assuming the absence of other cooperation channels. [3]
The scale of the two economies
The United States recorded nominal GDP of USD 30,769.7 billion in 2025, compared with 1597.3 in 2025 for Türkiye. The reference populations were 341.78 million (2025) and 85.88 million (2025), respectively. In the same year, the United States' nominal GDP was 19.26 times Türkiye's. The figures contextualize market size; they do not in themselves describe well-being, individual wealth or political influence. IMF estimates or demographic extrapolations retain their markings in the table. A ratio is not calculated when the periods do not match. [8] [9] [10] [11]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
Businesses and mobility outside the military debate
The Turkish profile describes US company presence and its own economic mechanisms. Goods trade, investment positions and academic contacts provide distinct measures of the relationship. This page's tables add verifiable periods for those activities. Statements on trade targets are not turned into observed results, nor is a registered company identified with a new investment made during the year. [1]
Observed economic exchange
In 2025, recorded goods trade between the United States and Türkiye totaled USD 36,774.9 million. US shipments to Türkiye were 20,355.4 million USD; those in the reverse direction were 16,419.5 million USD. US shipments to the partner represented 0.93 % of its goods exports to the world, using the same year and reporting country. A single customs declaration is used for both directions. This annual flow does not include all services activity or subsidiaries' local sales and is not added to accumulated investment capital. [4]
Cross-border services
USTR estimates 12,200 million USD in services trade in 2025. It is the total published by the source, not a reconstruction from rounded components. Financial and professional services and activities involving travel have coverage different from goods. Its value does not represent a traveler count or all local business by companies established in the partner country. [5]
Recorded direct investment capital, not announced investment
The US direct investment position in Türkiye was 4727 million USD in 2025. Türkiye's direct investment position in the United States was 2366 million USD in 2025. BEA uses historical cost and the immediate counterpart. The figure is capital recorded at period-end, not a purchase or promise made during the year. It may reflect subsidiary structures and financing; published negative values are not replaced with zero. It does not include all portfolio investment or allow each project to be valued individually. [6] [7]
Human connections with their own figures
In 2025, the source recorded 204,346 arrivals from Türkiye to the United States, with the coverage indicated in the table. [12]
In 2024/25, the source recorded 9413 students and OPT internship participants from Türkiye in the United States. [13]
In 2023/24, 344 stays with academic credit recognition from the United States to Türkiye were recorded. [13]
The counts describe different populations and periods: they are not added as a total of unique people. Open Doors includes OPT practical training; US study stays require academic credit. Arrivals by country of residence do not equate to nationality or permanent residence. The academic year retains its coverage and is not relabelled as a calendar year. [12] [13]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, unit, definition and source. Announcements, contracts and results are not interchangeable. Empty cells do not mean zero. Customs data for 2025 are not presented as activity observed during later crises.
- Bilateral and economic relations with the United States
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Turkish position on its exclusion from the F-35 program
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye · Institutional source · Document: 2019 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Joint appearance by foreign ministers
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye · Institutional source · Document: 2023-02-20 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- TOTAL rows 2021–2025; US reporter; goods; million USD
U.S. Census Bureau · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Services exports plus imports, estimate, full calendar year 2025
USTR · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Position; country row; G=2025; million USD; historical cost; immediate counterparty
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Position; country row; G=2025; million USD; historical cost; immediate counterparty
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; 2023–2025; country and period preserved; no military series
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; 2023–2025; country and period preserved; no military series
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual; country-of-residence row; AC=2025; arrivals, not unique people
NTTO · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- International Student Totals: 2024/25 incl OPT; US study abroad 2023/24. Not visa issuance.
IIE / Open Doors · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 27; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 30; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 84; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 85; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 87; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 27; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 84; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 30; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 87; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 85; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.