India and Canada
India and Canada maintain important trade, educational and family connections. The diplomatic crisis of 2023–2024 gave way to rebuilding official channels and new trade negotiations in 2026.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Negotiations and services
The Canadian prime minister's visit to India between February and March 2026 gave momentum to negotiations on a comprehensive economic agreement.
The 2024 crisis
On 14 October 2024, Canada announced the expulsion of six Indian representatives over an investigation into criminal activities it attributed to agents linked to India's government.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 10,839.45 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND |
| Goods: India to Canada | 4,483.07 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND |
| Goods: Canada to India | 6,356.38 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: India to Canada | 1.01 % | 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND |
| Export share: Canada to India | ||
| Investment stock: India in Canada | ||
| Investment stock: Canada in India |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND · Goods; full year; IND reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: India to Canada
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND · Goods; full year; IND reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Canada to India
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND · Goods; full year; IND reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Export share: India to Canada
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / IND · Goods share: IND exports to the partner / the same reporter's exports to the world, same year.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
| Indicator | India | Canada |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 3.96 trillion USD2025 · WB | 2.32 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 2,702.48 USD2025 · WB | 55,697.66 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 7.57 %2025 · WB | 1.74 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 5.25 %2026-10-06 · RBI | 2.25 %2026-09-02 · BoC |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.4 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 2.07 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 4.82 %provisionalprovisionalYear-on-year · Aug. 2026 · MoSPI | 3 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · StatCan |
| Unemployment | 4.22 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 6.91 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -7.4 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -1.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 84.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 113.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -0.42 %2025 · WB | -0.95 %2025 · WB |
| Population | 1,463,865,5252025 · WB | 41,651,6532025 · WB |
| Area | 3,287,260 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 9,984,670 km²2012 · StatCan |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDIndia: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personIndia: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)India: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)India: 2026-10-06 · RBI policy repo rate · Reserve Bank of India (RBI) · Access date for Current Rates; does not represent a new decision on 6 October. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-06Canada: 2026-09-02 · Overnight rate target · Bank of Canada
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)India: 2025 · Average annual CPI change (%) · World BankCanada: 2025 · Average annual CPI change (%) · World Bank
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedIndia: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · MoSPI / Press Information Bureau, Government of India · Published: 2026-09-14 · provisional · Provisional · Combined rural and urban headline CPI, 2024 base; provisional MoSPI figure. Not food or wholesale inflation. Provisional figure or official advance release; subject to revision.Canada: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · Statistics Canada · Published: 2026-09-14 · National headline year-on-year CPI, not monthly inflation or an annual average.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionIndia: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Canada: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)India: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Canada: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)India: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Canada: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPIndia: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- Population
- PeopleIndia: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceIndia: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAOCanada: 2012 · Total area of Canada, land and water; archived official geographic reference from 2012 · Statistics Canada · Not an annual measurement for 2025. Replaces an API observation that does not match the national reference.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
India to Canada
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical products | 544 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 353 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 225.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 140 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 8.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 2.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 0.1 M USD2025 · Source |
Canada to India
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 2,294.6 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 260.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 248.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 152.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 43.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 13.2 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | India to Canada | Canada to India |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 6,272.8 | 3,557.2 | 2,715.6 |
| 2022 | 8,157.5 | 4,251.4 | 3,906.2 |
| 2023 | 10,904.7 | 3,758.8 | 7,145.9 |
| 2024 | 10,329.9 | 4,073 | 6,256.9 |
| 2025 | 10,839.5 | 4,483.1 | 6,356.4 |
Connections between people
Family and educational connections carry their own weight. Ancestry, citizenship, residence and study permit data measure different populations. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from India living in Canada | ||
| Residents from Canada living in India | ||
| Study and training: India in Canada | ||
| Study and training: Canada in India | ||
| Academic stays: India in Canada | ||
| Academic stays: Canada in India | ||
| Travel: India to Canada | ||
| Travel: Canada to India |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Diplomatic ties being rebuilt
The strategic partnership was established in 2018. The October 2025 roadmap and restoration of high commissioners reopened channels after a period of severe tensions. [1]
Negotiations and services
The Canadian prime minister's visit to India between February and March 2026 gave momentum to negotiations on a comprehensive economic agreement. The objective of concluding it in 2026 does not establish its entry into force. Education, travel and business services add exchanges not captured by the goods table. [1]
Communities and study permits
Canada's 2021 census recorded around 1.8 million people of Indian origin. That figure includes ancestry and does not equate to resident Indian citizens. Study permits constitute another administrative record and should not be confused with university enrollment. [1]
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for India is 3,956.1 billion USD (2025), compared with 2,319.9 for Canada (2025). The reference populations are 1,463.87 and 41.65 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of India was 1.71 times that of Canada in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [6] [7]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
The 2024 crisis
On 14 October 2024, Canada announced the expulsion of six Indian representatives over an investigation into criminal activities it attributed to agents linked to India's government. It is presented as the official Canadian position and action, not a judicial ruling on individual responsibility. [2]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (India and Canada) totalled 10,839.5 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 4,483.1 million; those in the opposite direction, 6,356.4 million. The difference between the two flows was 1,873.3 million, in favour of Canada. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [3]
The partner's share of exports
Sales from India to the partner represented 1.01% of its worldwide goods exports in 2025. The share compares the same reporter, year and coverage. It measures export concentration, not the percentage of GDP dependent on this relationship. A partner may be important in a specific sector even if its share of total goods trade is small. [3]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 6,272.8 million USD in 2021 and 10,839.5 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +72.8 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2023, at 10,904.7 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [4]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, pharmaceutical products stands out in shipments from India to Canada, at 544 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Canada to India, at 2,294.6 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [5]
Milestones and consequences
- 2018
Strategic partnership
The bilateral strategic framework was adopted. [1]
- 2024-10-14
Diplomatic expulsions
Canada announced expulsions linked to its investigation. [2]
- 2025-10
Bilateral roadmap
Diplomatic channels were rebuilt. [1]
- 2026
Economic negotiation
The Canadian visit advanced discussions for a comprehensive agreement. [1]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral relations: IND-CAN
Global Affairs Canada · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Bilateral document IND-CAN
www.canada.ca · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual TOTAL X/M; 2025; reporter 699; partners 0,124,484,76,32,404,231,818,616,702,764
UN Comtrade / IND · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Trade series 2021–2025
UN Comtrade / IND · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Selected HS2 chapters; reporter 699; annual 2025; same partner/flow/coverage as total
UN Comtrade / IND · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / IND
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · Selected HS2 chapters; reporter 699; annual 2025; same partner/flow/coverage as total.