Japan and Canada
Japan and Canada deepen cooperation in security, supply chains, energy and trade. In 2026 they elevated the relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Partners in the Pacific and the G7
The March 6, 2026 declaration establishes a comprehensive strategic partnership.
Energy and supply chains
Both governments place technological resilience and energy and food supply at the center of the agenda.
Defense equipment agreement
The agreement on transfers of military equipment and technology entered into force on 16 June 2026.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 23,184.53 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Goods: Japan to Canada | 10,987.43 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Goods: Canada to Japan | 12,197.1 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Japan to Canada | 1.49 % | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Export share: Canada to Japan | ||
| Investment stock: Japan in Canada | ||
| Investment stock: Canada in Japan |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods; full year; JPN reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Japan to Canada
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods; full year; JPN reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Canada to Japan
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods; full year; JPN reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Export share: Japan to Canada
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods share: JPN exports to the partner / the same reporter's exports to the world, same year.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
| Indicator | Japan | Canada |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 4.44 trillion USD2025 · WB | 2.32 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 35,951.05 USD2025 · WB | 55,697.66 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 1.19 %2025 · WB | 1.74 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 1.25 %2026-09-24 · BoJ | 2.25 %2026-09-02 · BoC |
| Inflation · annual average | 3.17 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 2.07 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 1.9 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · Statistics JP | 3 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · StatCan |
| Unemployment | 2.45 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 6.91 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -1.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -1.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 206.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 113.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 4.86 %2025 · WB | -0.95 %2025 · WB |
| Population | 123,366,7342025 · WB | 41,651,6532025 · WB |
| Area | 377,969 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 9,984,670 km²2012 · StatCan |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDJapan: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personJapan: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Japan: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Japan: 2026-09-24 · Approximate target for the uncollateralised overnight rate · Bank of JapanCanada: 2026-09-02 · Overnight rate target · Bank of Canada
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Japan: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World BankCanada: 2025 · Average annual CPI change (%) · World Bank
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedJapan: 2026-08 · Change in headline CPI from the same month of the previous year (%) · Statistics Bureau of Japan · Published: 2026-09-18 · National headline CPI, 2025 base; includes fresh food and energy. The measure excluding fresh food (1.7%) and the preliminary Tokyo release are not used.Canada: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · Statistics Canada · Published: 2026-09-14 · National headline year-on-year CPI, not monthly inflation or an annual average.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionJapan: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Canada: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Japan: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Canada: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Japan: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Canada: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPJapan: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- Population
- PeopleJapan: 2025 · World BankCanada: 2025 · World Bank
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceJapan: 2023 · Total area, including inland waters; source's territorial coverage · World Bank · FAOCanada: 2012 · Total area of Canada, land and water; archived official geographic reference from 2012 · Statistics Canada · Not an annual measurement for 2025. Replaces an API observation that does not match the national reference.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Japan to Canada
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Vehicles and components | 6,832.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,039.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 670.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 28.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 19 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 6.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 2.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 0.2 M USD2025 · Source |
Canada to Japan
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 2,366.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 1,455.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 1,433 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 845.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 391.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 225.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 49.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 23.8 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | Japan to Canada | Canada to Japan |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 22,009.7 | 8,354.1 | 13,655.6 |
| 2022 | 25,198.7 | 8,608.3 | 16,590.4 |
| 2023 | 25,446.8 | 10,901.3 | 14,545.5 |
| 2024 | 24,167.5 | 11,161 | 13,006.5 |
| 2025 | 23,184.5 | 10,987.4 | 12,197.1 |
Connections between people
The roadmap includes academic and cultural exchanges and contacts between business organizations as part of a sustained trans-Pacific relationship. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Japan living in Canada | ||
| Residents from Canada living in Japan | ||
| Study and training: Japan in Canada | ||
| Study and training: Canada in Japan | ||
| Academic stays: Japan in Canada | ||
| Academic stays: Canada in Japan | ||
| Travel: Japan to Canada | ||
| Travel: Canada to Japan |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Partners in the Pacific and the G7
The March 6, 2026 declaration establishes a comprehensive strategic partnership. Their roadmap brings together six priorities: defense, economic security, trade, energy and food, the Arctic and climate, and academic and cultural ties. [1]
Energy and supply chains
Both governments place technological resilience and energy and food supply at the center of the agenda. These priorities connect Japanese industrial needs with Canadian export capacity without replacing each company's production and investment decisions. [1]
Education and human exchange
Academic and cultural exchanges constitute one of the roadmap's explicit pillars. The political program encompasses communities and business organizations alongside administrations; it does not itself equate to a migration quota or student count. [1]
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for Japan is 4,435.2 billion USD (2025), compared with 2,319.9 for Canada (2025). The reference populations are 123.37 and 41.65 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of Japan was 1.91 times that of Canada in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [6] [7]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
Defense equipment agreement
The agreement on transfers of military equipment and technology entered into force on 16 June 2026. It establishes controls on uses and subsequent transfers to third parties. It authorizes a cooperation framework; it does not confirm that all planned sales or projects have occurred. [2]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (Japan and Canada) totalled 23,184.5 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 10,987.4 million; those in the opposite direction, 12,197.1 million. The difference between the two flows was 1,209.7 million, in favour of Canada. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [3]
The partner's share of exports
Sales from Japan to the partner represented 1.49% of its worldwide goods exports in 2025. The share compares the same reporter, year and coverage. It measures export concentration, not the percentage of GDP dependent on this relationship. A partner may be important in a specific sector even if its share of total goods trade is small. [3]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 22,009.7 million USD in 2021 and 23,184.5 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +5.3 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2023, at 25,446.8 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [4]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, vehicles and components stands out in shipments from Japan to Canada, at 6,832.9 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Canada to Japan, at 2,366.3 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [5]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral diplomatic document
Japan MOFA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Bilateral relations: JPN-CAN
Japan MOFA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual TOTAL X/M; 2025; reporter 392; partners 0,124,484,76,32,702,458,554,818,792,784,682,364,586,50,524,144,710,404
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Trade series 2021–2025
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Selected HS2 chapters; reporter 392; annual 2025; same partner/flow/coverage as total
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / JPN
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · Selected HS2 chapters; reporter 392; annual 2025; same partner/flow/coverage as total.