Japan and Netherlands
In December 2025, Japan and the Netherlands signed an agreement to facilitate supplies and services between their armed forces. The instrument regulates exercise logistics, humanitarian assistance and other authorized activities; signing does not itself equate to entry into force or a mutual defense alliance.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
The agreement was signed in The Hague on December 18, 2025, by Japanese Ambassador Rokuichiro Michii and Dutch Minister Ruben Brekelmans.
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, goods trade between Japan and Netherlands totalled 16,115.6 million current USD.
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from Japan to Netherlands, at 3,579.9 million USD in 2025.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 16,115.62 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Japan to Netherlands | 12,205.74 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Netherlands to Japan | 3,909.88 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Japan to Netherlands | 1.65 % | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Export share: Netherlands to Japan | ||
| Investment stock: Japan in Netherlands | ||
| Investment stock: Netherlands in Japan |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter JPN. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Goods: Japan to Netherlands
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter JPN. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Goods: Netherlands to Japan
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter JPN. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Export share: Japan to Netherlands
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Exports to the partner / worldwide exports by the same reporter; same year and coverage.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
| Indicator | Japan | Netherlands |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 4.44 trillion USD2025 · WB | 1.33 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 35,951.05 USD2025 · WB | 73,683.92 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 1.19 %2025 · WB | 1.78 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 1.25 %2026-09-24 · BoJ | 2.5 %2026-09-16 · BCE |
| Inflation · annual average | 3.17 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 3.26 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 1.9 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · Statistics JP | |
| Unemployment | 2.45 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 3.87 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -1.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -1.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 206.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 43.3 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 4.86 %2025 · WB | 9.14 %2024 · WB |
| Population | 123,366,7342025 · WB | 18,087,6332025 · WB |
| Area | 377,969 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 41,540 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDJapan: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personJapan: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Japan: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Japan: 2026-09-24 · Approximate target for the uncollateralised overnight rate · Bank of JapanNetherlands: 2026-09-16 · ECB: deposit facility; shared euro-area rate · European Central Bank · ECB deposit facility rate, shared by euro-area members; not an independent national rate.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Japan: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedJapan: 2026-08 · Change in headline CPI from the same month of the previous year (%) · Statistics Bureau of Japan · Published: 2026-09-18 · National headline CPI, 2025 base; includes fresh food and energy. The measure excluding fresh food (1.7%) and the preliminary Tokyo release are not used.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionJapan: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Netherlands: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Japan: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Netherlands: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Japan: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Netherlands: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPJapan: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleJapan: 2025 · World BankNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceJapan: 2023 · Total area, including inland waters; source's territorial coverage · World Bank · FAONetherlands: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Japan to Netherlands
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 3,579.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 2,119.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,964.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 99.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 19.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 13.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 0.449 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 0.074 M USD2025 · Source |
Netherlands to Japan
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,604.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 323.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 315 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 111.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 67.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 47.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 27.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 4.3 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | Japan to Netherlands | Netherlands to Japan |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 15,839.3 | 12,589.5 | 3,249.8 |
| 2022 | 15,793.7 | 12,374.4 | 3,419.3 |
| 2023 | 16,788.2 | 13,427.5 | 3,360.7 |
| 2024 | 15,146.2 | 11,508.6 | 3,637.6 |
| 2025 | 16,115.6 | 12,205.7 | 3,909.9 |
Connections between people
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Japan living in Netherlands | ||
| Residents from Netherlands living in Japan | ||
| Study and training: Japan in Netherlands | ||
| Study and training: Netherlands in Japan | ||
| Academic stays: Japan in Netherlands | ||
| Academic stays: Netherlands in Japan | ||
| Travel: Japan to Netherlands | ||
| Travel: Netherlands to Japan |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for Japan is 4,435.2 billion USD (2025), compared with 1,332.8 for Netherlands (2025). The reference populations are 123.37 and 18.09 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of Japan was 3.33 times that of Netherlands in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [6] [7] [8] [9]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Bilateral context
The agreement was signed in The Hague on December 18, 2025, by Japanese Ambassador Rokuichiro Michii and Dutch Minister Ruben Brekelmans. The Dutch official publication of January 2026 retains the full text. [1] [2]
Cooperation and bilateral issues
It covers logistics support for joint exercises, United Nations operations, humanitarian relief, disasters and evacuations. Categories include food, fuel, transport, medicine, repair and ammunition, but the text excludes provision of weapons. Use must comply with the United Nations Charter, and transfer to third parties requires written consent. Supplies may be returned, replaced or paid for; services are compensated according to agreed procedures. Entry into force is set for thirty days after exchanging notes on domestic procedures, not the signing date. The agreement adds to contacts in a relationship that celebrated 425 years of exchanges in 2025. [1] [2]
Signing ceremony
The Japanese embassy documents the ceremony on 18 December 2025 at the Dutch Ministry of Defense and identifies it as progress in cooperation, not an exercise already conducted. [2]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (Japan and Netherlands) totalled 16,115.6 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 12,205.7 million; those in the opposite direction, 3,909.9 million. The difference between the two flows was 8,295.9 million, in favour of Japan. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [3]
The partner's share of exports
Sales from Japan to the partner represented 1.65% of its worldwide goods exports in 2025. The share compares the same reporter, year and coverage. It measures export concentration, not the percentage of GDP dependent on this relationship. A partner may be important in a specific sector even if its share of total goods trade is small. [3]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 15,839.3 million USD in 2021 and 16,115.6 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +1.7 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2023, at 16,788.2 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [4]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from Japan to Netherlands, at 3,579.9 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from Netherlands to Japan, at 1,604.4 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [5]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Japan Netherlands reciprocal supplies treaty text
zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Japan Netherlands ACSA signing 18 December 2025
www.nl.emb-japan.go.jp · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Trade series 2021–2025
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade
2026-10-08 · Accessed: 2026-10-08 · Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record.