Vietnam and Mongolia
Vietnam and Mongolia expanded parliamentary cooperation in September 2026. Their agenda combines legislative agreements, possible mineral and energy projects and transport connections, with attention to education, tourism and conditions for the Vietnamese community.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
The official account of Trần Thanh Mẫn's September 2026 tour records agreements between Vietnam's and Mongolia's assemblies and between their offices.
Cooperation and bilateral issues
Economically, they set an aspiration to raise trade to 200 million dollars and agreed to advance towards a new investment promotion and protection instrument.
Cooperation and bilateral issues
Economically, they set an aspiration to raise trade to 200 million dollars and agreed to advance towards a new investment promotion and protection instrument.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | ||
| Goods: Vietnam to Mongolia | ||
| Goods: Mongolia to Vietnam | ||
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Vietnam to Mongolia | ||
| Export share: Mongolia to Vietnam | ||
| Investment stock: Vietnam in Mongolia | ||
| Investment stock: Mongolia in Vietnam |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
| Indicator | Vietnam | Mongolia |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 514.7 billion USD2025 · World Bank | 25.37 billion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 5,065.99 USD2025 · World Bank | 7,108.23 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 8.02 %2025 · World Bank | 6.84 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | ||
| Inflation · annual average | 3.31 %Annual average · 2025 · World Bank | 8.61 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | ||
| Unemployment | 1.52 %ILO est.2025 · World Bank | 5.23 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -2.2 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 1.7 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 30.3 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 45.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 6.33 %2024 · World Bank | -10.45 %2024 · WB |
| Population | 101,598,5272025 · World Bank | 3,568,978World Bank est.2025 · WB |
| Area | 331,338 km²2023 · World Bank | 1,564,116 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDVietnam: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personVietnam: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Vietnam: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Vietnam: 2025 · Annual average change in CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2025 · Annual average CPI change (%) · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency stated
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionVietnam: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Vietnam: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.Mongolia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Vietnam: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.Mongolia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPVietnam: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2024 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Population
- PeopleVietnam: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2025 · World Bank · WB est. · The source indicates an extrapolated population; this is not a census count.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceVietnam: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.Mongolia: 2023 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Vietnam to Mongolia
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
Mongolia to Vietnam
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
Connections between people
Mongolia expressed willingness to facilitate Vietnamese projects in strategic minerals, renewables, agriculture, wool and leather. Mongolia requested Vietnamese support for APEC accession and expressed interest in educational, sports and tourism cooperation. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Vietnam living in Mongolia | ||
| Residents from Mongolia living in Vietnam | ||
| Study and training: Vietnam in Mongolia | ||
| Study and training: Mongolia in Vietnam | ||
| Academic stays: Vietnam in Mongolia | ||
| Academic stays: Mongolia in Vietnam | ||
| Travel: Vietnam to Mongolia | ||
| Travel: Mongolia to Vietnam |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for Vietnam is 514.7 billion USD (2025), compared with 25.4 for Mongolia (2025). The reference populations are 101.6 and 3.57 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of Vietnam was 20.29 times that of Mongolia in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [2] [3] [4] [5]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Bilateral context
The official account of Trần Thanh Mẫn's September 2026 tour records agreements between Vietnam's and Mongolia's assemblies and between their offices. The parliaments committed to contributing to the legal framework and overseeing implementation of bilateral commitments. [1]
Cooperation and bilateral issues
Economically, they set an aspiration to raise trade to 200 million dollars and agreed to advance towards a new investment promotion and protection instrument. Mongolia expressed willingness to facilitate Vietnamese projects in strategic minerals, renewables, agriculture, wool and leather. The document also identifies rail and air connectivity as an outstanding priority. Mongolia requested Vietnamese support for APEC accession and expressed interest in educational, sports and tourism cooperation. Commitments concerning South Korea in the same account belong to another relationship and are not attributed here to Mongolia. [1]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral relations — VNM-MNG
mofa.gov.vn · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official series — gdp
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- SP.POP.TOTL; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official series — population
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07