Australia and Indonesia
Neighbourhood, mobility and economic cooperation give the relationship an everyday and regional dimension. IA-CEPA structures trade and capacity development, while security agreements strengthen consultation. Indonesia maintains its own position within ASEAN, and Australia retains other strategic commitments.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07IA-CEPA and the economic relationship
The IA-CEPA comprehensive economic partnership agreement entered into force on 5 July 2020.
Training and professional mobility
The IA-CEPA text includes a skills development exchange programme, with an amendment signed in August 2023.
The 2025–2029 agenda
The action plan provides a multi-year horizon for the comprehensive strategic partnership.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 11,483.34 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade |
| Goods: Australia to Indonesia | 7,224.64 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade |
| Goods: Indonesia to Australia | 4,258.71 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade |
| Services trade | 14,059 M AUD | 2025 · ABS |
| Export share: Australia to Indonesia | ||
| Export share: Indonesia to Australia | ||
| Investment stock: Australia in Indonesia | ||
| Investment stock: Indonesia in Australia |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / 36 · Goods trade; full calendar year and a single reporter (36). Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the source; direction adjusted to the order of the profile. No services or mirror reports.
- Goods: Australia to Indonesia
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / 36 · Goods trade; full calendar year and a single reporter (36). Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the source; direction adjusted to the order of the profile. No services or mirror reports.
- Goods: Indonesia to Australia
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / 36 · Goods trade; full calendar year and a single reporter (36). Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the source; direction adjusted to the order of the profile. No services or mirror reports.
- Services trade
- 2025 · ABS Australia · ABS Australia (other direction) · Total ABS services: Australian credits of 3,209 million AUD plus the magnitude of debits of 10,850 million AUD; debit figures have a negative original accounting sign. Not goods or visits.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Year-on-year inflation: different periods or frequencies; the two figures are not directly comparable.
| Indicator | Australia | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 1.8 trillion USD2025 · WB | 1.45 trillion USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP per capita | 65,129.72 USD2025 · WB | 5,059.63 USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP growth | 1.35 %2025 · WB | 5.11 %2025 · World Bank |
| Policy interest rate | 4.6 %2026-09-29 · RBA | |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.87 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 1.91 %Annual average · 2025 · World Bank |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 4 %Headline CPI · 2026-08 · year-on-year · ABS | 3.28 %Year-on-year · 2026-09 · BPS Indonesia |
| Unemployment | 4.09 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 3.24 %ILO est.2025 · World Bank |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -2.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -2.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 51 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 41 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -2.68 %2025 · WB | -0.11 %2025 · World Bank |
| Population | 27,614,4112025 · WB | 285,721,2362025 · World Bank |
| Area | 7,741,220 km²2023 · WB | 1,916,907 km²2023 · World Bank |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDAustralia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personAustralia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Australia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Australia: 2026-09-29 · Cash rate target · RBA · Official central-bank decision; not a commercial lending rate or a bill yield.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Australia: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · Annual average change in CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedAustralia: 2026-08 · National headline CPI, change from the same month of the previous year · ABS · Published: 2026-09-30 · Official monthly data. Not mixed with the annual average. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07Indonesia: 2026-09 · Headline CPI; change against the same month of the previous year · BPS Indonesia · National headline CPI year-on-year; not the monthly change or January–September average.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionAustralia: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, % of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Australia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO estimate, not a monthly observation. Retains the country's fiscal year where it differs from the calendar year.Indonesia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Australia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO estimate, not a monthly observation. Retains the country's fiscal year where it differs from the calendar year.Indonesia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPAustralia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleAustralia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceAustralia: 2023 · World Bank / FAO · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.Indonesia: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Australia to Indonesia
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
Indonesia to Australia
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
Connections between people
Training, education and mobility have specific programmes; an offer of places or an aid allocation is not converted into a count of journeys. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Australia living in Indonesia | ||
| Residents from Indonesia living in Australia | ||
| Study and training: Australia in Indonesia | ||
| Study and training: Indonesia in Australia | ||
| Academic stays: Australia in Indonesia | ||
| Academic stays: Indonesia in Australia | ||
| Travel: Australia to Indonesia | ||
| Travel: Indonesia to Australia |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
IA-CEPA and the economic relationship
The IA-CEPA comprehensive economic partnership agreement entered into force on 5 July 2020. Its coverage includes trade and economic cooperation, with texts and annexes specifying obligations. It is not limited to reducing an aggregate tariff: product access, services and capacity development have their own conditions. Australian goods and services statistics are kept separate and are not confused with funding for development programmes. [1] [3]
Training and professional mobility
The IA-CEPA text includes a skills development exchange programme, with an amendment signed in August 2023. This is a specific mechanism with participants and conditions, not general free movement of workers. Broader educational cooperation requires separate measures of enrolment and stays. A number of places offered is not used as a count of actual participants or as a resident population. [3]
A treaty on consultation and cooperation
The Jakarta Treaty text reaffirms the 2006 Lombok framework and the 2024 defence agreement, as well as sovereignty, non-interference and the peaceful settlement of differences. Its provisions must be read to understand the consultation and cooperation it envisages. Publication of the text is not by itself interpreted as evidence of all ratifications or as an automatic military response commitment equivalent to that of another alliance. [2]
Neighbourhood and development cooperation
DFAT describes a partnership encompassing development, education and people-to-people contacts. Australia presents an estimated official aid allocation for the 2026–2027 financial year; a planned budget is not a completed transfer or direct investment. Geographical proximity adds interests in resilience and regional stability. These programmes are distinguished from business or tourist travel and from goods flows in a calendar year. [1]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
The 2025–2029 agenda
The action plan provides a multi-year horizon for the comprehensive strategic partnership. It organises sectoral cooperation alongside the underlying trade and security instruments. The profile retains the distinction between an agenda and a result: a priority in the plan does not show that every project is complete. Examining education, trade and security separately explains the relationship better than replacing them with a single assessment of affinity. [4]
What recorded goods show
In 2025, recorded goods trade was 11,483.34 million USD. Shipments from Australia to Indonesia were 7,224.64 million USD, and those in the reverse direction were 4,258.71 million USD. A single reporter is used for both directions. The difference between these flows describes the goods balance in that source, not the entire economic balance: services, affiliate activity and investment have separate measures. [5]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, currency, definition and source. Blank cells are not zero. Policy documents are distinguished from statistical results, and projects under way from announcements.
- Indonesia country brief
Australia DFAT · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Text of the common security treaty
Australia DFAT · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- IA-CEPA text
Australia DFAT · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- 2025–2029 action plan
Australia DFAT · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- 2025 TOTAL X/M; reporter=36; partner=360; 24 uncapped records
UN Comtrade / 36 · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07