Spain and Luxembourg
Spain and Luxembourg signed three memorandums on energy, space and political consultations in March 2026. Grand Duke Guillaume V’s visit focused on technological cooperation and European coordination, without announcing energy facilities or space missions already implemented.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
Pedro Sánchez received Grand Duke Guillaume V on 5 March 2026, his first visit to Spain since ascending the throne in October 2025.
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, goods trade between Spain and Luxembourg totalled 1,177.9 million current USD.
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, vehicles and components stands out in shipments from Spain to Luxembourg, at 112 million USD in 2025.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 1,177.91 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Spain to Luxembourg | 584.45 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Luxembourg to Spain | 593.46 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Spain to Luxembourg | 0.135 % | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Export share: Luxembourg to Spain | ||
| Investment stock: Spain in Luxembourg | ||
| Investment stock: Luxembourg in Spain |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter ESP. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Goods: Spain to Luxembourg
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter ESP. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Goods: Luxembourg to Spain
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter ESP. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF; no addition of mirror declarations. Both directions are identified from the same customs authority.
- Export share: Spain to Luxembourg
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Exports to the partner / worldwide exports by the same reporter; same year and coverage.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
| Indicator | Spain | Luxembourg |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 1.91 trillion USD2025 · WB | 101.16 billion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 38,627.25 USD2025 · WB | 147,252.18 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 2.82 %2025 · WB | 0.64 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 2.5 %2026-09-16 · BCE | |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.7 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 2.26 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 4.9 %provisionalprovisionalYear-on-year · Sept. 2026 · INE | |
| Unemployment | 10.38 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 6.34 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -2.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 100.4 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 27 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 2.94 %2025 · WB | 5.23 %2025 · WB |
| Population | 49,355,1432025 · WB | 686,970World Bank est.2025 · WB |
| Area | 505,976 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 2,590 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDSpain: 2025 · World BankLuxembourg: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personSpain: 2025 · World BankLuxembourg: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Spain: 2025 · World BankLuxembourg: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Spain: 2026-09-16 · ECB deposit facility; shared euro-area rate · European Central Bank
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Spain: 2025 · Annual average change in CPI (%) · World BankLuxembourg: 2025 · Annual average CPI change (%) · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedSpain: 2026-09 · Change in headline CPI from the same month of the previous year (%) · Spain's National Statistics Institute (INE) · Published: 2026-09-29 · provisional · Provisional · Advance indicator of headline CPI; final results pending. Not HICP (5.0%) or core inflation (3.1%). Provisional data or an official advance release; subject to revision.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionSpain: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Luxembourg: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Spain: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Luxembourg: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Spain: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Luxembourg: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPSpain: 2025 · World BankLuxembourg: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Population
- PeopleSpain: 2025 · World BankLuxembourg: 2025 · World Bank · WB est. · The source indicates an extrapolated population; this is not a census count.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceSpain: 2023 · Total area, including inland waters; territorial coverage as defined by the source · World Bank · FAOLuxembourg: 2023 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Spain to Luxembourg
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Vehicles and components | 112 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 30 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 13.6 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 2.5 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 0.836 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 0.485 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 0.277 M USD2025 · Source |
Luxembourg to Spain
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 50.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 22.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 18 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 9.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 8.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 3.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Metal ores | 0.111 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 0.0443 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | Spain to Luxembourg | Luxembourg to Spain |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 956.9 | 439.5 | 517.5 |
| 2022 | 978 | 375.2 | 602.8 |
| 2023 | 984.4 | 439.7 | 544.7 |
| 2024 | 962.7 | 451.7 | 511.1 |
| 2025 | 1,177.9 | 584.5 | 593.5 |
Connections between people
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Spain living in Luxembourg | ||
| Residents from Luxembourg living in Spain | ||
| Study and training: Spain in Luxembourg | ||
| Study and training: Luxembourg in Spain | ||
| Academic stays: Spain in Luxembourg | ||
| Academic stays: Luxembourg in Spain | ||
| Travel: Spain to Luxembourg | ||
| Travel: Luxembourg to Spain |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for Spain is 1,906.5 billion USD (2025), compared with 101.2 for Luxembourg (2025). The reference populations are 49.36 and 0.687 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of Spain was 18.85 times that of Luxembourg in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [5] [6] [7] [8]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Bilateral context
Pedro Sánchez received Grand Duke Guillaume V on 5 March 2026, his first visit to Spain since ascending the throne in October 2025. The energy memorandum provides for technical contacts and exchange of experience on renewable electricity and hydrogen, including generation, transport and use. [1]
Cooperation and bilateral issues
The space instrument brings together the countries’ agencies around peaceful space uses and scientific and technological collaboration possibilities. A third memorandum establishes regular political consultations with alternating venues. The meeting addressed energy interconnections, European competitiveness and the Union’s financial autonomy. They also addressed Ukraine and the Middle East through defence of international law. The documents create collaboration frameworks; the statement does not confirm infrastructure construction or joint satellite launches. [1]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (Spain and Luxembourg) totalled 1,177.9 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 584.5 million; those in the opposite direction, 593.5 million. The difference between the two flows was 9 million, in favour of Luxembourg. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [2]
The partner's share of exports
Sales from Spain to the partner represented 0.135% of its worldwide goods exports in 2025. The share compares the same reporter, year and coverage. It measures export concentration, not the percentage of GDP dependent on this relationship. A partner may be important in a specific sector even if its share of total goods trade is small. [2]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 956.9 million USD in 2021 and 1,177.9 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was +23.1 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2025, at 1,177.9 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [3]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, vehicles and components stands out in shipments from Spain to Luxembourg, at 112 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, machinery and mechanical appliances stands out in shipments from Luxembourg to Spain, at 50.8 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [4]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral relations — ESP-LUX
www.lamoncloa.gob.es · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Trade series 2021–2025
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- Official series — gdp
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- Official series — population
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade
2026-10-08 · Accessed: 2026-10-08 · Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record.