United States and Brazil
Trade, services and businesses connect two large economies in the Americas. Administrative trade rules coexist with disputes over trade measures and regulatory practices. The US actions of 2026 are a specific episode in those negotiations, not a description of all relations between their societies.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Cooperation on trade administration
The 2011 Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation provides a framework for dialogue.
Goods and services differ in scale
USTR estimates services at 41,500 million dollars in 2025 and also publishes goods trade.
The July 2026 action
USTR describes an investigation begun in July 2025, consultations in April 2026 and a Section 301 action published in July.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 94,210.7 M USD | 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau |
| Goods: United States to Brazil | 54,329.2 M USD | 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau |
| Goods: Brazil to United States | 39,881.5 M USD | 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau |
| Services trade | 41,500 M USDUSTR est. | 2025 · USTR |
| Export share: United States to Brazil | ||
| Export share: Brazil to United States | ||
| Investment stock: United States in Brazil | 90,223 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
| Investment stock: Brazil in United States | 5,492 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods for January–December 2025, millions of USD, U.S. reporter. Excludes services, affiliate sales and the addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: United States to Brazil
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods for January–December 2025, millions of USD, U.S. reporter. Excludes services, affiliate sales and the addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Brazil to United States
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods for January–December 2025, millions of USD, U.S. reporter. Excludes services, affiliate sales and the addition of mirror reports.
- Services trade
- 2025 · USTR · Bilateral services total estimated and published by USTR. The total is retained, not the sum of rounded components.
- Investment stock: United States in Brazil
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterpart. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments.
- Investment stock: Brazil in United States
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterpart. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
| Indicator | United States | Brazil |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 30.77 trillion USD2025 · WB | 2.28 trillion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 90,026.52 USD2025 · WB | 10,713.29 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 2.16 %2025 · WB | 2.29 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 3.75–4 %2026-09-16 · Fed | 13.75 %2026-10-07 · Banco Central do Brasil |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.7 %IMF est.Annual average · 2025 · IMF | 5.02 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 3.4 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · BLS | 4.22 %Headline CPI · 2026-08 · year-on-year · Ministério da Fazenda / IBGE |
| Unemployment | 4.2 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 5.97 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -6.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -8.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 123.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 93.3 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -3.63 %2025 · WB | -2.93 %2025 · WB |
| Population | 341,784,8572025 · WB | 212,812,4052025 · WB |
| Area | 9,831,510 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 8,510,420 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDUnited States: 2025 · World BankBrazil: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personUnited States: 2025 · World BankBrazil: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)United States: 2025 · World BankBrazil: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)United States: 2026-09-16 · Federal funds target range · Federal ReserveBrazil: 2026-10-07 · Target for the Selic rate, annual percentage · Banco Central do Brasil · Official monetary-policy target, not the effective daily interbank rate.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)United States: 2025 · Average annual change in headline CPI (%) · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est. · WEO estimate; not the year-on-year change for December or August 2026. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07Brazil: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedUnited States: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · Published: 2026-09-11 · Headline year-on-year CPI-U, not seasonally adjusted; not monthly or core inflation.Brazil: 2026-08 · Headline IPCA; urban coverage of the SNIPC system · Ministério da Fazenda / IBGE · Official monthly data. Not mixed with the annual average. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionUnited States: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Brazil: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, % of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Brazil: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO estimate, not a monthly observation. Retains the country's fiscal year where it differs from the calendar year.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Brazil: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO estimate, not a monthly observation. Retains the country's fiscal year where it differs from the calendar year.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPUnited States: 2025 · World BankBrazil: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Population
- PeopleUnited States: 2025 · World BankBrazil: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceUnited States: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAOBrazil: 2023 · World Bank / FAO · Official World Bank series; latest verified period available for this series in the 2023–2025 query.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
United States to Brazil
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
Brazil to United States
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | United States to Brazil | Brazil to United States |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 78,223.7 | 46,987 | 31,236.7 |
| 2022 | 93,341.8 | 54,432.5 | 38,909.3 |
| 2023 | 83,536.7 | 44,479 | 39,057.7 |
| 2024 | 91,326.8 | 49,012.9 | 42,313.9 |
| 2025 | 94,210.7 | 54,329.2 | 39,881.5 |
Connections between people
Education and travel maintain their own contacts. Trade disagreements between governments do not by themselves describe those civilian ties. [3]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from United States living in Brazil | ||
| Residents from Brazil living in United States | ||
| Study and training: United States in Brazil | ||
| Study and training: Brazil in United StatesStudy and OPT training in the United States | 17,277 | 2024/25 · Open Doors |
| Academic stays: United States in BrazilU.S. study-abroad stays carrying academic credit | 1,845 | 2023/24 · Open Doors |
| Academic stays: Brazil in United States | ||
| Travel: United States to Brazil | ||
| Travel: Brazil to United StatesResidence in Brazil; international arrivals | 1,916,565arrivals | 2025 · NTTO / U.S. Department of Commerce |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
- Study and training: Brazil in United States
- Open Doors: place of origin, enrolment and OPT training. Not visas issued or a count of residents. 2024/25 · Open Doors
- Academic stays: United States in Brazil
- Open Doors: mobility carrying academic credit reported by U.S. institutions. A different academic year from the count of foreign students. 2023/24 · Open Doors
- Travel: Brazil to United States
- International arrivals in the United States by country of residence; not unique visitors, nationality or emigration. Coverage and revisions of the NTTO series. 2025 · NTTO / U.S. Department of Commerce
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Cooperation on trade administration
The 2011 Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation provides a framework for dialogue. A protocol signed in 2020 and applied since 2022 addresses trade facilitation, regulatory practices and anti-corruption. It is not equivalent to a general treaty eliminating all tariffs. Its value lies in processes and rules affecting businesses, even when disagreements over specific policies persist. [1]
Goods and services differ in scale
USTR estimates services at 41,500 million dollars in 2025 and also publishes goods trade. The Census series in this profile retains five full years to examine both directions with the same reporter. Services, goods and subsidiary activity are different measures. Growth or decline in the entire exchange is not attributed to a single political decision without additional sectoral and temporal comparison. [1]
Investment connects production and domestic markets
BEA publishes US direct investment positions in Brazil and Brazilian positions in the United States. These are stocks, not annual flows or commitments. Investment can generate production and employment in the receiving market without a corresponding bilateral customs movement. Historical-cost data help distinguish business presence from external sales, but do not provide a complete market valuation of each group or its ultimate ownership. [4]
The trade dispute also has a multilateral channel
The US annual trade policy report records WTO proceeding DS640 in the context of the 2025 trade measures. A dispute settlement proceeding involves allegations and legal stages: mentioning it does not mean a panel has upheld every position of one party. Restrictions and objections must be attributed to the government or institution making them, not presented as a neutral assessment of the country affected. [3]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
The July 2026 action
USTR describes an investigation begun in July 2025, consultations in April 2026 and a Section 301 action published in July. The release announces an additional duty of 25% on certain goods. Coverage is an essential part of the measure: it is not converted here into a universal tariff on every Brazilian product or automatically added to any previous rate. The action and its rationale are expressly attributed to USTR. [2]
What recorded goods show
In 2025, recorded goods trade was 94,210.7 million USD. Shipments from the United States to Brazil were 54,329.2 million USD, and those in the opposite direction were 39,881.5 million USD. A single reporter is used for both directions. The difference between those flows describes that source's goods balance, not the entire economic balance: services, subsidiary activity and investment have independent measures. [5]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, currency, definition and source. Blank cells are not zero. Policy documents are distinguished from statistical results, and projects under way from announcements.
- Trade relations and agreements
USTR · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Section 301 action on Brazil
USTR · Institutional source · Document: 2026-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- 2026 Trade Policy Agenda and 2025 Annual Report
USTR · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- US direct investment position abroad
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- TOTAL rows 2021–2025; goods; US reporter; million USD
U.S. Census Bureau · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07