United States and Indonesia
Trade and industry have several institutional channels, from TIFA to the 2026 agreement. Energy, product regulation and supply chains occupy a prominent place. The signed text's obligations must be separated from entry into force and subsequent economic results.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Trade dialogue since 1996
The United States and Indonesia meet under the 1996 Trade and Investment Framework Agreement.
Energy and industrial cooperation
The agreement signed in February 2026 includes provisions on purchases of US energy and an approach to sourcing crude oil and refined products.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 45,476.8 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Goods: United States to Indonesia | 10,839.6 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Goods: Indonesia to United States | 34,637.2 M USD | 2025 · Census |
| Services trade | 5,200 M USDUSTR est. | 2025 · USTR |
| Export share: United States to Indonesia | 0.5 % | 2025 · Census |
| Export share: Indonesia to United States | ||
| Investment stock: United States in Indonesia | 14,666 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
| Investment stock: Indonesia in United States | 819 M USDBEA est. | 2025 · BEA |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Goods: United States to Indonesia
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Goods: Indonesia to United States
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · Goods, January–December 2025, United States reporter. Not services or affiliate production.
- Services trade
- 2025 · USTR · USTR estimate of services trade; not goods. Published total, not recalculated from rounded components.
- Export share: United States to Indonesia
- 2025 · U.S. Census Bureau · U.S. Census Bureau (other direction) · US goods exports to the partner / US goods exports to the world; same year and reporter.
- Investment stock: United States in Indonesia
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterparty. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments. Published negative values are retained.
- Investment stock: Indonesia in United States
- 2025 · BEA · Direct investment position at historical cost; immediate counterparty. Not portfolio investment or announced commitments. Published negative values are retained.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Year-on-year inflation: different periods or frequencies; the two figures are not directly comparable.
| Indicator | United States | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 30.77 trillion USD2025 · WB | 1.45 trillion USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP per capita | 90,026.52 USD2025 · WB | 5,059.63 USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP growth | 2.16 %2025 · WB | 5.11 %2025 · World Bank |
| Policy interest rate | 3.75–4 %2026-09-16 · Fed | |
| Inflation · annual average | 2.7 %IMF est.Annual average · 2025 · IMF | 1.91 %Annual average · 2025 · World Bank |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 3.4 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · BLS | 3.28 %Year-on-year · 2026-09 · BPS Indonesia |
| Unemployment | 4.2 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 3.24 %ILO est.2025 · World Bank |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -6.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -2.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 123.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 41 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | -3.63 %2025 · WB | -0.11 %2025 · World Bank |
| Population | 341,784,8572025 · WB | 285,721,2362025 · World Bank |
| Area | 9,831,510 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 1,916,907 km²2023 · World Bank |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDUnited States: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personUnited States: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)United States: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)United States: 2026-09-16 · Federal funds target range · Federal Reserve
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)United States: 2025 · Average annual change in headline CPI (%) · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est. · WEO estimate; not the year-on-year change for December or August 2026. · Alternative official source; verified 2026-10-07Indonesia: 2025 · Annual average change in CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedUnited States: 2026-08 · Headline CPI change relative to the same month of the previous year (%) · U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · Published: 2026-09-11 · Headline year-on-year CPI-U, not seasonally adjusted; not monthly or core inflation.Indonesia: 2026-09 · Headline CPI; change against the same month of the previous year · BPS Indonesia · National headline CPI year-on-year; not the monthly change or January–September average.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionUnited States: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Indonesia: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Indonesia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)United States: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Indonesia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPUnited States: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleUnited States: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceUnited States: 2023 · Total area including inland waters; territorial coverage of the source · World Bank · FAOIndonesia: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
United States to Indonesia
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 2,182.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,320.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 543.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 151.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 62 M USD2025 · Source |
Indonesia to United States
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 8,099.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 1,707.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 322 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 2.8 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 2.6 M USD2025 · Source |
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | United States to Indonesia | Indonesia to United States |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 36,428.8 | 9,380.8 | 27,048 |
| 2022 | 44,374 | 9,831.9 | 34,542.1 |
| 2023 | 36,624 | 9,849.1 | 26,774.9 |
| 2024 | 37,875.3 | 10,129.5 | 27,745.8 |
| 2025 | 45,476.8 | 10,839.6 | 34,637.2 |
Connections between people
Academic activity and travel are shown as civilian connections, separate from industrial and energy purchase commitments. [3]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from United States living in Indonesia | ||
| Residents from Indonesia living in United States | ||
| Study and training: United States in Indonesia | ||
| Study and training: Indonesia in United StatesStudy and OPT training in the United States | 8,104 | 2024/25 · IIE / Open Doors |
| Academic stays: United States in IndonesiaU.S. study-abroad stays carrying academic credit | 563 | 2023/24 · IIE / Open Doors |
| Academic stays: Indonesia in United States | ||
| Travel: United States to Indonesia | ||
| Travel: Indonesia to United StatesCountry of residence; international arrivals in the United States | 79,616arrivals | 2025 · NTTO |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
- Study and training: Indonesia in United States
- Open Doors: students by place of origin, including OPT practical training. Not visas or residents. 2024/25 · IIE / Open Doors
- Academic stays: United States in Indonesia
- Mobility for academic credit reported by US institutions. Not the total number of residents or enrolment on a particular date. 2023/24 · IIE / Open Doors
- Travel: Indonesia to United States
- Arrivals by country of residence; not nationality, unique travellers or permanent residence. NTTO series coverage. 2025 · NTTO
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Trade dialogue since 1996
The United States and Indonesia meet under the 1996 Trade and Investment Framework Agreement. USTR describes that mechanism as a channel for bilateral matters and regional and multilateral coordination. It is a dialogue platform, not a single tariff applicable to all goods. The economic relationship also includes businesses and services exchanges observed through different sources. [1]
Energy and industrial cooperation
The agreement signed in February 2026 includes provisions on purchases of US energy and an approach to sourcing crude oil and refined products. The text incorporates actions that may involve public and private entities. Contractual commitments, authorizations and actually recorded imports have different phases. The amount of planned purchases is not presented as a customs value already observed. [2]
Product access conditions
The 2026 trade policy report describes commitments on certificates, prior authorizations, inspections and remanufactured products, as well as intellectual property and labor issues. These are regulatory and procedural matters, not only tariffs. For a business, the product category and specific obligation matter; signing does not imply general elimination of all sanitary or technical requirements. [3]
The scale of the two economies
The United States recorded nominal GDP of 30,769.7 billion USD in 2025, compared with 1445.6 in 2025 for Indonesia. The reference populations were 341.78 million (2025) and 285.72 million (2025), respectively. In the same year, the United States' nominal GDP was 21.28 times Indonesia's. The figures contextualize market size; they do not in themselves describe well-being, individual wealth or political influence. IMF estimates or demographic extrapolations retain their markings in the table. A ratio is not calculated when the periods do not match. [7] [8] [9] [10]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
The instrument signed in February 2026
The agreement was signed on 19 February. The USTR report of early 2026 described it as awaiting entry into force; that reference is not automatically extended through October. The profile distinguishes signing and text contents from verification of implementation. Goods, services and investment statistics retain their own periods and are not relabeled as results of the agreement. [2] [3]
Observed economic exchange
In 2025, goods recorded between the United States and Indonesia totaled 45,476.8 million USD. US shipments to Indonesia were USD 10,839.6 million; shipments in the opposite direction were USD 34,637.2 million. US shipments to the partner represented 0.5% of its goods exports to the world, using the same year and reporting country. A single customs declaration is used for both directions. This annual flow does not include all services activity or subsidiaries' local sales and is not added to accumulated investment capital. [4]
Cross-border services
USTR estimates 5200 million USD in services trade in 2025. It is the total published by the source, not a reconstruction from rounded components. Financial and professional services and activities involving travel have coverage different from goods. Its value does not represent a traveler count or all local business by companies established in the partner country. [1]
Recorded direct investment capital, not announced investment
The US direct investment position in Indonesia was USD 14,666 million in 2025. Indonesia's direct investment position in the United States was 819 million USD in 2025. BEA uses historical cost and the immediate counterpart. The figure is capital recorded at period-end, not a purchase or promise made during the year. It may reflect subsidiary structures and financing; published negative values are not replaced with zero. It does not include all portfolio investment or allow each project to be valued individually. [5] [6]
Human connections with their own figures
In 2025, the source recorded 79,616 arrivals from Indonesia to the United States, with the coverage indicated in the table. [11]
In 2024/25, the source recorded 8104 students and OPT internship participants from Indonesia in the United States. [12]
In 2023/24, 563 stays with academic credit recognition from the United States to Indonesia were recorded. [12]
The counts describe different populations and periods: they are not added as a total of unique people. Open Doors includes OPT practical training; US study stays require academic credit. Arrivals by country of residence do not equate to nationality or permanent residence. The academic year retains its coverage and is not relabelled as a calendar year. [11] [12]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, unit, definition and source. Announcements, contracts and results are not interchangeable. Empty cells do not mean zero. Customs data for 2025 are not presented as activity observed during later crises.
- TIFA and trade with Indonesia
USTR · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Text of the February 2026 trade agreement
USTR / bilateral agreement · Institutional source · Document: 2026-02-19 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Trade Policy Agenda 2026 and 2025 annual report
USTR · Institutional source · Document: 2026 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- TOTAL rows 2021–2025; US reporter; goods; million USD
U.S. Census Bureau · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Position; country row; G=2025; million USD; historical cost; immediate counterparty
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Position; country row; G=2025; million USD; historical cost; immediate counterparty
BEA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual; country-of-residence row; AC=2025; arrivals, not unique people
NTTO · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- International Student Totals: 2024/25 incl OPT; US study abroad 2023/24. Not visa issuance.
IIE / Open Doors · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 27; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 30; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 84; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 85; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 87; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / USA · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 27; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 84; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 85; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 30; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / USA
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 87; 2025; reporter 842; partners 804,616,380,528,752,579,208,792,818,784,634,400,586,360,704,608,764,702,554,710,566,404,170,152,32; X/M; annual goods.