Japan and Indonesia
Industry, development cooperation and human contacts form broad ties. The economic agreement and its amendments have their own schedules. Japanese assistance following the 2026 wildfires provides an episode distinct from business contracts and professional mobility.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-07 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-07Businesses and long-term cooperation
The Japanese profile records trade, investment, economic cooperation and official visits.
Resident communities
The profile publishes 149,101 Indonesian citizens in Japan at the end of 2023 and 15,510 Japanese people in Indonesia in October 2023.
Assistance after the 2026 fires
Japan records the dispatch of wildfire relief teams in August and completion of their activity on September 29.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 32,784.2 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Goods: Japan to Indonesia | 12,617.86 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Goods: Indonesia to Japan | 20,166.35 M USD | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Japan to Indonesia | 1.71 % | 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN |
| Export share: Indonesia to Japan | ||
| Investment stock: Japan in Indonesia | ||
| Investment stock: Indonesia in Japan |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods; full year; JPN reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Japan to Indonesia
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods; full year; JPN reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Goods: Indonesia to Japan
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods; full year; JPN reporter. Exports normally FOB and imports CIF according to the reporter's coverage. No addition of mirror reports.
- Export share: Japan to Indonesia
- 2025 · UN Comtrade / JPN · Goods share: JPN exports to the partner / the same reporter's exports to the world, same year.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Year-on-year inflation: different periods or frequencies; the two figures are not directly comparable.
| Indicator | Japan | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 4.44 trillion USD2025 · WB | 1.45 trillion USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP per capita | 35,951.05 USD2025 · WB | 5,059.63 USD2025 · World Bank |
| GDP growth | 1.19 %2025 · WB | 5.11 %2025 · World Bank |
| Policy interest rate | 1.25 %2026-09-24 · BoJ | |
| Inflation · annual average | 3.17 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 1.91 %Annual average · 2025 · World Bank |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | 1.9 %Year-on-year · Aug. 2026 · Statistics JP | 3.28 %Year-on-year · 2026-09 · BPS Indonesia |
| Unemployment | 2.45 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 3.24 %ILO est.2025 · World Bank |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -1.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -2.9 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 206.5 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | 41 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 4.86 %2025 · WB | -0.11 %2025 · World Bank |
| Population | 123,366,7342025 · WB | 285,721,2362025 · World Bank |
| Area | 377,969 km²2023 · BM / FAO | 1,916,907 km²2023 · World Bank |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDJapan: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personJapan: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Japan: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Japan: 2026-09-24 · Approximate target for the uncollateralised overnight rate · Bank of Japan
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Japan: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · Annual average change in CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency statedJapan: 2026-08 · Change in headline CPI from the same month of the previous year (%) · Statistics Bureau of Japan · Published: 2026-09-18 · National headline CPI, 2025 base; includes fresh food and energy. The measure excluding fresh food (1.7%) and the preliminary Tokyo release are not used.Indonesia: 2026-09 · Headline CPI; change against the same month of the previous year · BPS Indonesia · National headline CPI year-on-year; not the monthly change or January–September average.
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionJapan: 2025 · World Bank · ILO est.Indonesia: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate, percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Japan: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Indonesia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Japan: 2025 · IMF — World Economic Outlook · IMF est.Indonesia: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · IMF WEO general-government estimate. Retains the source’s fiscal year when it differs from the calendar year.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPJapan: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Population
- PeopleJapan: 2025 · World BankIndonesia: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceJapan: 2023 · Total area, including inland waters; source's territorial coverage · World Bank · FAOIndonesia: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series; observation period, not download date.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Japan to Indonesia
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 2,910 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 1,989.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,120 M USD2025 · Source |
| Mineral fuels and oils | 62.4 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 18.7 M USD2025 · Source |
Indonesia to Japan
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 5,658.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 1,959.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 703.9 M USD2025 · Source |
| Land vehicles and components | 654.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 81 M USD2025 · Source |
Connections between people
Education, work, visits and community connections have their own records and procedures. Residents are not equivalent to annual arrivals, and visits may be repeated. The tables retain dates, definitions and sources to distinguish these connections from business contracts and government decisions. [2]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Japan living in IndonesiaJapanese citizenship; resident survey in Indonesia | 15,510 | 2023-10 · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |
| Residents from Indonesia living in JapanIndonesian citizenship; Japanese migration register | 149,101 | 2023-12 · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |
| Study and training: Japan in Indonesia | ||
| Study and training: Indonesia in Japan | ||
| Academic stays: Japan in Indonesia | ||
| Academic stays: Indonesia in Japan | ||
| Travel: Japan to Indonesia | ||
| Travel: Indonesia to Japan |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
- Residents from Japan living in Indonesia
- Ministerial count; October 2023 date, not website review date 2023-10 · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
- Residents from Indonesia living in Japan
- Nationality count at the end of December 2023 2023-12 · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Businesses and long-term cooperation
The Japanese profile records trade, investment, economic cooperation and official visits. A company can operate an Indonesian plant and sell locally without each sale being a Japanese export. Industrial relations require distinguishing goods, financing and subsidiary activity. The economic table's annual data retain a single reporting country and do not add investment figures to goods. [1]
Resident communities
The profile publishes 149,101 Indonesian citizens in Japan at the end of 2023 and 15,510 Japanese people in Indonesia in October 2023. These are counts from different dates and records, not annual arrivals or everyone born in the partner country. The indicators retain their date and coverage. Training, work and immigration permits have their own mechanisms that cannot be inferred from those totals. [1]
Amendment of the economic agreement
The ministerial register identifies an exchange of notes on 26 June 2026 for entry into force of the protocol amending the economic agreement. Diplomatic note, application date and trade effects are not identical stages. The instrument can change specific rules without eliminating all origin controls or technical requirements for every product. [2]
The scale of the two economies
Japan recorded nominal GDP of USD 4435.2 billion in 2025, compared with 1445.6 in 2025 for Indonesia. The reference populations were 123.37 million (2025) and 285.72 million (2025), respectively. In the same year, Japan's nominal GDP was 3.07 times Indonesia's. The figures contextualize market size; they do not in themselves describe well-being, individual wealth or political influence. IMF estimates or demographic extrapolations retain their markings in the table. A ratio is not calculated when the periods do not match. [4] [5] [6] [7]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Reviewed: 2026-10-07
Assistance after the 2026 fires
Japan records the dispatch of wildfire relief teams in August and completion of their activity on September 29. This is emergency cooperation with its own dates, distinct from a permanent deployment. Humanitarian aid does not become direct investment or prove that all economic or security cooperation has the same scope. [2]
Observed economic exchange
In 2025, recorded goods trade between Japan and Indonesia totaled 32,784.2 million USD. Shipments from Japan to Indonesia were 12,617.9 million USD; those in the opposite direction were 20,166.3 million USD. Japan's shipments to the partner represented 1.71% of its goods exports to the world, using the same year and reporter. A single customs declaration is used for both directions. This annual flow does not include all services activity or subsidiaries' local sales and is not added to accumulated investment capital. [3]
Human connections with their own figures
In 2023-10, the register identified 15,510 residents linked to Japan in Indonesia, according to the published definition. [1]
In 2023-12, the register identified 149,101 residents linked to Indonesia in Japan, according to the published definition. [1]
The counts describe different populations and periods: they are not added as a total of unique people. Open Doors includes OPT practical training; US study stays require academic credit. Arrivals by country of residence do not equate to nationality or permanent residence. The academic year retains its coverage and is not relabelled as a calendar year. [1]
Milestones and consequences
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Each figure retains its period, unit, definition and source. Announcements, contracts and results are not interchangeable. Empty cells do not mean zero. Customs data for 2025 are not presented as activity observed during later crises.
- Relations and human ties with Indonesia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan · Institutional source · Document: 2026-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Contacts, assistance and economic agreement with Indonesia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan · Institutional source · Document: 2026-09 · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Annual TOTAL X/M; 2025; reporter 392; partners 0,643,704,360,608,764
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-09-17
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official statistics
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-06
- SP.POP.TOTL; country ISO and year preserved; no military data; exact requested country subset independently re-fetched and values compared
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 27; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 30; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 84; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 85; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- HS2 87; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods
UN Comtrade / JPN · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade / JPN
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 27; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / JPN
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 84; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / JPN
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 87; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / JPN
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 85; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods.
- UN Comtrade / JPN
2026-10-07 · Accessed: 2026-10-07 · HS2 30; 2025; reporter 392; partners 643,704,360,608,764; X/M; annual goods.