Netherlands and Libya
The Netherlands and Libya combine a history linked to Libyan independence with peace and human rights diplomacy. Cooperation also addresses public finances and trafficking and migration risks in a context of insecurity.
Analysis reviewed: 2026-10-08 · Indicators updated: 2026-10-08Bilateral context
The interview with former Ambassador Dolf Hogewoning recalls Dutchman Adriaan Pelt, UN commissioner from 1949 to prepare Libyan independence before January 1952.
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, goods trade between Netherlands and Libya totalled 1,574.3 million current USD.
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Netherlands to Libya, at 269.3 million USD in 2025.
Bilateral indicators
Blank cells: data unavailable.
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade | 1,574.33 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Netherlands to Libya | 607.5 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Goods: Libya to Netherlands | 966.83 M USD | 2025 · Comtrade |
| Services trade | ||
| Export share: Netherlands to Libya | ||
| Export share: Libya to Netherlands | ||
| Investment stock: Netherlands in Libya | ||
| Investment stock: Libya in Netherlands |
Definitions and sources
Trade adds both directions. Shares refer to the country’s total goods exports; investment is an accumulated stock, not an annual flow. Every figure retains the currency and period of its source. BEA positions are historical-cost estimates based on the immediate counterpart, not market values or investment by ultimate owner. ‘More than’ indicates a lower bound, not an exact amount. A recorded stock does not establish new activity or authorisation to operate under sanctions.
- Goods trade
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter NLD. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
- Goods: Netherlands to Libya
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter NLD. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
- Goods: Libya to Netherlands
- 2025 · UN Comtrade · Goods; full calendar year; reporter NLD. Both directions come from the same verified customs document, not from adding mirror declarations together. Exports generally FOB; imports generally CIF.
Country comparison
Period and source beside each figure · est. = estimate by the stated institution.
Some annual indicators refer to different years. Check the period beside each value before comparing them.
| Indicator | Netherlands | Libya |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | 1.33 trillion USD2025 · WB | 48.1 billion USD2025 · WB |
| GDP per capita | 73,683.92 USD2025 · WB | 6,448.82 USD2025 · WB |
| GDP growth | 1.78 %2025 · WB | 13.37 %2025 · WB |
| Policy interest rate | 2.5 %2026-09-16 · BCE | |
| Inflation · annual average | 3.26 %Annual average · 2025 · WB | 1.84 %Annual average · 2025 · WB |
| Inflation · latest year-on-year figure | ||
| Unemployment | 3.87 %ILO est.2025 · WB | 18.76 %ILO est.2025 · WB |
| Budget balance (% of GDP) | -1.8 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | -31.1 %IMF est.2025 · IMF |
| Gross public debt (% of GDP) | 43.3 %IMF est.2025 · IMF | |
| Current account balance (% of GDP) | 9.14 %2024 · WB | 4.24 %2023 · WB |
| Population | 18,087,6332025 · WB | 7,458,5552025 · WB |
| Area | 41,540 km²2023 · WB | 1,759,540 km²2023 · WB |
| Military expenditure | ||
| Military expenditure (% of GDP) |
Definitions, dates and sources
Blank cells are not zero. Average annual inflation and the latest year-on-year figure appear in separate rows: they are not the same measure. Every annual indicator retains its reference year; when the years differ, the figures are identified as not directly comparable. When a figure is unavailable from the World Bank, an annual IMF estimate is used and identified as such. The latest year-on-year figure is the latest official release verified as of 7 October 2026. This includes advance releases marked as provisional. Mexico may have a fortnightly figure before the full month is published; it is not automatically compared with a monthly figure. The publication date is retained in each source’s details; it does not replace the observation period or the annual average. Policy rates carry their own dates and represent different instruments. Spain and France share the ECB rate. Balances are positive for surpluses and negative for deficits. The IMF may use fiscal years; unemployment retains each source’s definition (ILO estimates, IMF WEO or PCBS), as stated in the details. For Palestine, debt and the fiscal balance cover central government and retain the PCBS definition; they are not presented as consolidated general government. These are economic magnitudes, not measures of relationship quality.
Area retains each source’s territorial coverage; it does not determine sovereignty or effective control. Canada uses an archived national geographic reference. Military expenditure retains the 2024 SIPRI sample distributed by the World Bank: the amount and percentage of GDP use that same definition, which differs from NATO’s. It is not an approved budget or a 2026 figure. Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Military expenditure database · Terms of use0
Indicators reviewed: 2026-10-07. Each source retains its original access date; this review does not turn all the data into 2026 observations. Figures may be revised.
- Nominal GDP
- Current USDNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP per capita
- Current USD per personNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- GDP growth
- Annual real change (%)Netherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Policy interest rate
- Central bank instrument (%)Netherlands: 2026-09-16 · ECB: deposit facility; shared euro-area rate · European Central Bank · ECB deposit facility rate, shared by euro-area members; not an independent national rate.
- Inflation · annual average
- Average annual change in headline CPI (%)Netherlands: 2025 · Annual average change in the CPI (%) · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2025 · Annual average CPI change (%) · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Inflation · latest year-on-year figure
- Headline CPI relative to the same period of the previous year (%); monthly or fortnightly frequency stated
- Unemployment
- % of the labour force; definition used by the stated institutionNetherlands: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2025 · ILO modelled estimate; percentage of the labour force · World Bank · ILO est. · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Budget balance
- General government (% of GDP)Netherlands: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.Libya: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Gross public debt
- General government (% of GDP)Netherlands: 2025 · IMF · IMF est. · WEO general-government estimate, % of GDP. Not an observed balance for the current month.
- Current account balance
- % of GDPNetherlands: 2024 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2023 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Population
- PeopleNetherlands: 2025 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2025 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Area
- Total area in km²; territorial coverage of the sourceNetherlands: 2023 · World Bank · Official World Bank series. Observation year, not download date.Libya: 2023 · World Bank · Annual World Bank observation, with its original year; not monthly data.
- Military expenditure
- Current USD per year; SIPRI series
- Military expenditure (% of GDP)
- Percentage of GDP; SIPRI definition, not NATO’s definition
Other data specific to this relationship
What they buy and sell
Documented selection, not an exhaustive list. Cells without a figure do not mean zero value; some products are identified without a verified amount.
Netherlands to Libya
| Product or sector | Value / share |
|---|---|
| Mineral fuels and oils | 269.3 M USD2025 · Source |
| Dairy products, eggs and honey | 72.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Vehicles and components | 28.7 M USD2025 · Source |
| Machinery and mechanical appliances | 25.1 M USD2025 · Source |
| Pharmaceutical products | 15 M USD2025 · Source |
| Electrical and electronic equipment | 11.2 M USD2025 · Source |
| Meat and edible offal | 0.0449 M USD2025 · Source |
Libya to Netherlands
How trade has changed
Billions of current USD · full calendar years
View chart figures
| Period | Total | Netherlands to Libya | Libya to Netherlands |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 2,228.4 | 535.8 | 1,692.7 |
| 2022 | 2,203.6 | 365.1 | 1,838.5 |
| 2023 | 1,617.3 | 347.5 | 1,269.8 |
| 2024 | 1,443.7 | 463.9 | 979.8 |
| 2025 | 1,574.3 | 607.5 | 966.8 |
Connections between people
Insecurity then required splitting work between Tripoli and Tunis and hindered business cooperation and consular assistance. Migration activities are also channelled through the EU, IOM and UNHCR. [1]
Residents, study and travel
Blank cells: data unavailable. Each measure retains its definition and period.
| Indicator | Value | Period / source |
|---|---|---|
| Residents from Netherlands living in Libya | ||
| Residents from Libya living in Netherlands | ||
| Study and training: Netherlands in Libya | ||
| Study and training: Libya in Netherlands | ||
| Academic stays: Netherlands in Libya | ||
| Academic stays: Libya in Netherlands | ||
| Travel: Netherlands to Libya | ||
| Travel: Libya to Netherlands |
What each figure measures
Residents are counted by nationality and the coverage of the stated register, not as people born in the other country or as new arrivals in one year. PERE includes dual nationals and people born outside Spain. Study with OPT and stays carrying academic credit are different measures. Travel may include several visits by the same person; FRONTUR arrivals require an overnight stay, whereas the Canadian survey includes day visits. These figures are neither added together nor automatically compared across directions.
Mobility data added or reviewed: 2026-10-07. Reference periods may be earlier.
Underlying ties
History, institutions and long-standing issues.
Bilateral context
The interview with former Ambassador Dolf Hogewoning recalls Dutchman Adriaan Pelt, UN commissioner from 1949 to prepare Libyan independence before January 1952. The Netherlands has participated in the Berlin Process since 2020 and co-chairs an international humanitarian law and human rights group with Switzerland and UNSMIL. [1]
The scale of both economies
Nominal GDP for Netherlands is 1,332.8 billion USD (2025), compared with 48.1 for Libya (2025). The reference populations are 18.09 and 7.46 million, respectively. In the same year, the economy of Netherlands was 27.71 times that of Libya in nominal GDP. The comparison provides context on market size, but does not, on its own, measure influence, well-being or diplomatic closeness. Estimates and their sources retain their labels in the tables. [4] [5] [6] [7]
Recent developments
Recent developments and latest available data · Review: 2026-10-08
Cooperation and bilateral issues
National audit offices collaborate on public finance quality, and journalists and rights defenders receive support. Insecurity then required splitting work between Tripoli and Tunis and hindered business cooperation and consular assistance. Migration activities are also channelled through the EU, IOM and UNHCR. The page identifies an ambassadorial change in 2023, so does not present earlier interview conditions as current security verification. [1]
What merchandise trade shows
In 2025, merchandise trade between the two countries (Netherlands and Libya) totalled 1,574.3 million current USD. Shipments from the first to the second were 607.5 million; those in the opposite direction, 966.8 million. The difference between the two flows was 359.3 million, in favour of Libya. This is a goods balance, not the total balance of the economic relationship: it excludes services, income and transfers. Both directions come from a single customs reporter to avoid adding mirror records. [2]
Five years of trade trends
The consistent series shows 2,228.4 million USD in 2021 and 1,574.3 million in 2025. The change between the two endpoints was -29.4 % in current dollars. The highest annual value in the period was recorded in 2021, at 2,228.4 million. The chart allows the two directions to be compared to see whether they moved together or differently. The change combines quantities, prices and exchange rates; it is not automatically attributed to a treaty, a visit or a political decision. The same reporter is retained and missing years are not interpolated. [2]
Documented trade sectors
Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Netherlands to Libya, at 269.3 million USD in 2025. Within the selected chapters, mineral fuels and oils stands out in shipments from Libya to Netherlands, at 962.7 million USD in 2025. The table compares eight selected chapters with the same coverage as the trade total. It is not a complete list or proof that the first item in this selection is the leading product across the entire relationship. A chapter groups numerous goods: machinery and components, for example, do not describe a single business transaction. [3]
Sources and data
Periods and scope of the figures
Institutional sources and periods accompany each figure. Annual trade, investment positions, residents and visits are distinct measures. Empty cells do not mean zero. Statements of intent are not presented as project implementation or treaties in force.
- Bilateral relations — NLD-LBY
www.netherlandsandyou.nl · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- UN Comtrade annual data; reused verified primary payload, not re-downloaded
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record
UN Comtrade · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-08
- NY.GDP.MKTP.CD; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official series — gdp
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- SP.POP.TOTL; ISO and reference year; no military dataset expansion
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
- Official series — population
World Bank · Institutional source · Accessed: 2026-10-07
Additional sources on products and human connections
- UN Comtrade
2026-10-08 · Accessed: 2026-10-08 · Bounded matrix; reporter, partner, year, chapter and direction identified in each record.